Feasibility Study of the Hydrogen Production Using Solar Thermal
Abstract
Nowadays, more CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere than what can be absorbed, which contributes to global warming. Thus, a new balance in this quantities must be found to compensate these emissions. This goal can be achieved by reducing the CO2 emitted through more renewable energies, more energy efficiency, cleaner transport, greener farming and circular economy; while compensating the emissions we can’t avoid. These can be accomplished by protecting our ecosystems and investing in innovation and research. One of the most powerful and encouraging renewable source is the hydrogen and its applications. Currently, H2 is used mainly in the chemical industry for the
production of ammonia and methanol. Nevertheless, in the near future hydrogen is expected to become a significant fuel that will largely contribute to the quality of atmospheric air. Hydrogen as a chemical element (H) is the most abundant one on the earth and as molecular dihydrogen (H2) can be obtained from both renewable
and nonrenewable sources.
Feasibility Study of the Hydrogen Production Using Solar Thermal
Abstract
Nowadays, more CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere than what can be absorbed, which contributes to global warming. Thus, a new balance in this quantities must be found to compensate these emissions. This goal can be achieved by reducing the CO2 emitted through more renewable energies, more energy efficiency, cleaner transport, greener farming and circular economy; while compensating the emissions we can’t avoid. These can be accomplished by protecting our ecosystems and investing in innovation and research. One of the most powerful and encouraging renewable source is the hydrogen and its applications. Currently, H2 is used mainly in the chemical industry for the
production of ammonia and methanol. Nevertheless, in the near future hydrogen is expected to become a significant fuel that will largely contribute to the quality of atmospheric air. Hydrogen as a chemical element (H) is the most abundant one on the earth and as molecular dihydrogen (H2) can be obtained from both renewable
and nonrenewable sources.
Nature-Based Solutions for Comprehensive Disaster and Climate Risk Management
INTRODUCTION
The toolkit on nature-based solutions for comprehensive disaster and climate risk management (CRM-NbS Toolkit) aims to support countries in making nature-based solutions (NbS) an integral part of planning under the comprehensive disaster and climate risk management (CRM) approach considering both disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in an integrative manner. The tools and related information presented here build on the NbS-related technical resources developed for UNDRR’s CRM approach.
Nature-Based Solutions for Comprehensive Disaster and Climate Risk Management
INTRODUCTION
The toolkit on nature-based solutions for comprehensive disaster and climate risk management (CRM-NbS Toolkit) aims to support countries in making nature-based solutions (NbS) an integral part of planning under the comprehensive disaster and climate risk management (CRM) approach considering both disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in an integrative manner. The tools and related information presented here build on the NbS-related technical resources developed for UNDRR’s CRM approach.
Emerging Battery Technologies to Boost the Clean Energy Transition
Introduction
The world is rapidly changing, and the transportation and mobility industry is no exception. Mobility, a paramount part of modern society, helps people to access jobs, education, healthcare, and other destinations. There has been a significant shift in thinking about mobility, with a growing emphasis on sustainability and the need to reduce the environmental consequence of transportation. Mobility is an essential aspect of modern society, encompassing everything from personal transportation to public transit, logistics, and infrastructure. With the rapid advancements in technol-ogy, mobility is undergoing a significant transformation, with new technologies and services emerging that have the potential to revolutionize the way we move [1– 3]. Mobility has seen a surge in development over the past few decades, and it is worthwhile to follow the latest trends in recent years.
Emerging Battery Technologies to Boost the Clean Energy Transition
Introduction
The world is rapidly changing, and the transportation and mobility industry is no exception. Mobility, a paramount part of modern society, helps people to access jobs, education, healthcare, and other destinations. There has been a significant shift in thinking about mobility, with a growing emphasis on sustainability and the need to reduce the environmental consequence of transportation. Mobility is an essential aspect of modern society, encompassing everything from personal transportation to public transit, logistics, and infrastructure. With the rapid advancements in technol-ogy, mobility is undergoing a significant transformation, with new technologies and services emerging that have the potential to revolutionize the way we move [1– 3]. Mobility has seen a surge in development over the past few decades, and it is worthwhile to follow the latest trends in recent years.
Draft: Inspection of Rooftop Solar PV System
Withover30GWofinstalledcapacity,IndiaisonthevergeofbecomingoneofthefastestgrowingnationsintermsofPVinstallation.Itisworthmentioningtheexponentialgrowthofthemarketduringthelastfewmonths.ThealmostexponentialincreaseofglobalsolarPVinstallationsintherecenttwodecadeshaveenabledbothrooftopsystemsandutility-scalePVfarmstobecomeanincreasinglyimportantmainstreamsourceofelectricity.Solarphotovoltaic(PV)systemsarebeinginstalledineverincreasingnumbersthroughouttheworldandareexpectedtosafelyandreliablyproduceelectricityoverseveralecadesofoperation.
•However,manysystemsarenotsatisfactorilyevaluatedpriortobeingputintoserviceandmanyhavelittle,ifany,scheduledmaintenanceortestingovertheirlifetime.Unfortunately,thisleadstounsafeandunderperformingsystemswithreducedvaluetotheirowners.Anyelectricalsystemcanbetestedtoverifyperformanceandtoevaluatetheconditionofwiringsystemsandequipment.ThisisparticularlyimportantforPVinstallationswhichcanbesubjectedtoextremeenvironmentalconditionsanddeterioratingeffectsoftheeleentsovermanyyears.
Draft: Inspection of Rooftop Solar PV System
Withover30GWofinstalledcapacity,IndiaisonthevergeofbecomingoneofthefastestgrowingnationsintermsofPVinstallation.Itisworthmentioningtheexponentialgrowthofthemarketduringthelastfewmonths.ThealmostexponentialincreaseofglobalsolarPVinstallationsintherecenttwodecadeshaveenabledbothrooftopsystemsandutility-scalePVfarmstobecomeanincreasinglyimportantmainstreamsourceofelectricity.Solarphotovoltaic(PV)systemsarebeinginstalledineverincreasingnumbersthroughouttheworldandareexpectedtosafelyandreliablyproduceelectricityoverseveralecadesofoperation.
•However,manysystemsarenotsatisfactorilyevaluatedpriortobeingputintoserviceandmanyhavelittle,ifany,scheduledmaintenanceortestingovertheirlifetime.Unfortunately,thisleadstounsafeandunderperformingsystemswithreducedvaluetotheirowners.Anyelectricalsystemcanbetestedtoverifyperformanceandtoevaluatetheconditionofwiringsystemsandequipment.ThisisparticularlyimportantforPVinstallationswhichcanbesubjectedtoextremeenvironmentalconditionsanddeterioratingeffectsoftheeleentsovermanyyears.
bp Energy Outlook 2024 Edition
Global developments and events in recent years have highlighted the considerable challenges facing the global energy system and those of us who work within it. Despite marked increases in government climate ambitions and actions, and rapid growth in investment in low carbon energy, carbon emissions continue to rise. Indeed, other than the
Covid-induced fall of 2020, carbon emissions have risen every year since the Paris climate goals were agreed in 2015. The carbon budget is running out.
bp Energy Outlook 2024 Edition
Global developments and events in recent years have highlighted the considerable challenges facing the global energy system and those of us who work within it. Despite marked increases in government climate ambitions and actions, and rapid growth in investment in low carbon energy, carbon emissions continue to rise. Indeed, other than the
Covid-induced fall of 2020, carbon emissions have risen every year since the Paris climate goals were agreed in 2015. The carbon budget is running out.
Green hydrogen: A Critical Balancing Act
In the global discourse on climate change, hydrogen emerges as a highly contested energy carrier, igniting heated debates and capturing headlines worldwide. While some fervently tout it as a “miracle fuel,” others raise caution flags,
branding it as a costly double-edged sword intertwined with the fossil-fuel industry.
Green hydrogen: A Critical Balancing Act
In the global discourse on climate change, hydrogen emerges as a highly contested energy carrier, igniting heated debates and capturing headlines worldwide. While some fervently tout it as a “miracle fuel,” others raise caution flags,
branding it as a costly double-edged sword intertwined with the fossil-fuel industry.
Best Practices for the Optimization of Bifacial Photovoltaic Tracking Systems
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) tracking systems, where bifacial PV modules are mounted to moveable racks that rotate the modules to follow the Sun, are the main utility-scale PV system configuration being currently deployed across the world. Today, over 90% of modules sold use bifacial cells and over 60% of the market share of systems installed use single-axis trackers. The popularity of such system designs can be traced to the financial benefits of such systems. Typical tracker gains of 15-20% and bifacial gains of 2-10% are additive and these systems provide the lowest levelized cost of electricity in about 90% of the world. This report provides an overview of current best practices to optimize the performance of such systems. The authors are international experts on these topics and have reviewed recent literature and industry standards for this report. In addition, 16 tracker companies (>87% of global market share from 2012-2021) and owners/operators of more than 13 GW of PV systems around the world were surveyed
to learn about real world experience. Additionally, a blind modeling round robin exercise was run to evaluate the state of the art in simulating bifacial tracking system performance.
Best Practices for the Optimization of Bifacial Photovoltaic Tracking Systems
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) tracking systems, where bifacial PV modules are mounted to moveable racks that rotate the modules to follow the Sun, are the main utility-scale PV system configuration being currently deployed across the world. Today, over 90% of modules sold use bifacial cells and over 60% of the market share of systems installed use single-axis trackers. The popularity of such system designs can be traced to the financial benefits of such systems. Typical tracker gains of 15-20% and bifacial gains of 2-10% are additive and these systems provide the lowest levelized cost of electricity in about 90% of the world. This report provides an overview of current best practices to optimize the performance of such systems. The authors are international experts on these topics and have reviewed recent literature and industry standards for this report. In addition, 16 tracker companies (>87% of global market share from 2012-2021) and owners/operators of more than 13 GW of PV systems around the world were surveyed
to learn about real world experience. Additionally, a blind modeling round robin exercise was run to evaluate the state of the art in simulating bifacial tracking system performance.