Advancing Affordability Through Water Efficiency
Introduction
During much of the 20th century, municipal and industrial water use in the United States increased as the population and economy grew. This trend suddenly reversed in the mid- 1970s, when water use began to level off and then decline. Municipal and industrial water use peaked in 1980 at 81 billion gallons per day and has consistently declined since then, reaching a low of 61 billion gallons per day in 2015 (Figure 1), even as the population and economy continued to grow.1 As a result, per capita water use has declined dramatically, from 373 gallons per person per day (gpcd) in 1965 to 183 gpcd in 2015, the most recent year for which national data are available. Water conservation and efficiency improvements were major drivers for the decoupling between water use and growth, along with a shift from manufacturing to a more service-oriented economy.
Advancing Affordability Through Water Efficiency
Introduction
During much of the 20th century, municipal and industrial water use in the United States increased as the population and economy grew. This trend suddenly reversed in the mid- 1970s, when water use began to level off and then decline. Municipal and industrial water use peaked in 1980 at 81 billion gallons per day and has consistently declined since then, reaching a low of 61 billion gallons per day in 2015 (Figure 1), even as the population and economy continued to grow.1 As a result, per capita water use has declined dramatically, from 373 gallons per person per day (gpcd) in 1965 to 183 gpcd in 2015, the most recent year for which national data are available. Water conservation and efficiency improvements were major drivers for the decoupling between water use and growth, along with a shift from manufacturing to a more service-oriented economy.
Water Hammer Modeling And Analysis For Khobar-Dammam Water Transmission Ring Line
Preface
Water hammer or hydraulic transient is a common problem in water distribution systems especially for water transmission pipelines. Hydraulic transient events in water distribution system can cause significant damage and disruption in the system, thus, it has been a subject of many research studies. One major pipeline that connects the water supply of two major cities (Khobar and Dammam) in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is the hobar-Dammam Ring Line (KDRL). This transmission line is vulnerable to a potential water hammer problem as it is controlled by the water level in two main tanks at its both ends. In addition, six other sub tanks along the KDRL are expected to increase the probability of water hammer occurrences in the system. In this research, two widely used hydraulic simulation models were adapted to model and analyze the hydraulic and transient (water hammer) behavior in the KDRL. The two hydraulic programs were WaterGEMS and HAMMER
Water Hammer Modeling And Analysis For Khobar-Dammam Water Transmission Ring Line
Preface
Water hammer or hydraulic transient is a common problem in water distribution systems especially for water transmission pipelines. Hydraulic transient events in water distribution system can cause significant damage and disruption in the system, thus, it has been a subject of many research studies. One major pipeline that connects the water supply of two major cities (Khobar and Dammam) in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is the hobar-Dammam Ring Line (KDRL). This transmission line is vulnerable to a potential water hammer problem as it is controlled by the water level in two main tanks at its both ends. In addition, six other sub tanks along the KDRL are expected to increase the probability of water hammer occurrences in the system. In this research, two widely used hydraulic simulation models were adapted to model and analyze the hydraulic and transient (water hammer) behavior in the KDRL. The two hydraulic programs were WaterGEMS and HAMMER