Anaerobic Digestion of Biowaste in Developing Countries
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a microbiological process whereby organic matter is decomposed in the absence of oxygen. This process is common to many natural environments such as swamps or stomachs of ruminants. Using an engineered approach and controlled design, the AD process is applied to process organic biodegradable matter in airproof reactor tanks, commonly named digesters, to produce biogas. Various groups of microorganisms are involved in the anaerobic degradation process which generates two main products: energy-rich biogas and a nutritious digestate.
Anaerobic Digestion of Biowaste in Developing Countries
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a microbiological process whereby organic matter is decomposed in the absence of oxygen. This process is common to many natural environments such as swamps or stomachs of ruminants. Using an engineered approach and controlled design, the AD process is applied to process organic biodegradable matter in airproof reactor tanks, commonly named digesters, to produce biogas. Various groups of microorganisms are involved in the anaerobic degradation process which generates two main products: energy-rich biogas and a nutritious digestate.
Centrifugal Gas Compressors
Solar Turbines Incorporated, headquartered in San Diego, California, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc., a Fortune 500 company and the world’s largest maker of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, and industrial gas turbines.
Centrifugal Gas Compressors
Solar Turbines Incorporated, headquartered in San Diego, California, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc., a Fortune 500 company and the world’s largest maker of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, and industrial gas turbines.
Integrated Fixed Film/ Activated Sludge (IFAS) Technology
Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IFAS) Technology provides for additional biomass within a wastewater treatment facility in order to meet more stringent effluent parameters or increased loadings without the direct need for additional tankage. Industry practice for upgrading wastewater treatment plants usually focuses on increasing the bioreactor volume to provide the additional bacterial population required to meet the system kinetic needs. However, designers often encounter clarifier solids loading limitations that put an upper limit on the amount of biomass that can be carried in the suspended growth system. IFAS systems allow for the additional bacterial population to exist on a fixed surface, thereby eliminating the need to increase the suspended growth population.
Integrated Fixed Film/ Activated Sludge (IFAS) Technology
Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IFAS) Technology provides for additional biomass within a wastewater treatment facility in order to meet more stringent effluent parameters or increased loadings without the direct need for additional tankage. Industry practice for upgrading wastewater treatment plants usually focuses on increasing the bioreactor volume to provide the additional bacterial population required to meet the system kinetic needs. However, designers often encounter clarifier solids loading limitations that put an upper limit on the amount of biomass that can be carried in the suspended growth system. IFAS systems allow for the additional bacterial population to exist on a fixed surface, thereby eliminating the need to increase the suspended growth population.
Taste and Odor
Most customers judge the quality of drinking water by taste and odor. If the customer is satisfied with these qualities, it is assumed the water is safe to drink. Many harmful contaminants in water cannot be detected due to taste or smell and many of the contaminants found in drinking water that have a detectable taste or odor are not harmful. Sources of taste and odor problems
can be found in surface water and groundwater.
Taste and Odor
Most customers judge the quality of drinking water by taste and odor. If the customer is satisfied with these qualities, it is assumed the water is safe to drink. Many harmful contaminants in water cannot be detected due to taste or smell and many of the contaminants found in drinking water that have a detectable taste or odor are not harmful. Sources of taste and odor problems
can be found in surface water and groundwater.
Sludge Compositing
Introduction
Sludge composting aims at biologically stabilizing sludges while controlling pollution risks in order to develop agriculture or other end use outlets exploiting the nutrient or organic value of sludges. It can be applied either to non-digested sludge (e.g. Italy, France) or to digested sludge (e.g. the Netherlands).
Sludge Compositing
Introduction
Sludge composting aims at biologically stabilizing sludges while controlling pollution risks in order to develop agriculture or other end use outlets exploiting the nutrient or organic value of sludges. It can be applied either to non-digested sludge (e.g. Italy, France) or to digested sludge (e.g. the Netherlands).
Faecal Sludge Management
Solutions for effective and sustainable faecal sludge management (FSM) presents a significant global need. FSM is a relatively new field, however, it is currently rapidly developing and gaining acknowledgement. This chapter provides an introduction to what FSM is, some of the unique challenges of FSM, an overview of the systems level approach for implementation and operation presented in this book, and additional resources that are available on the internet.
Faecal Sludge Management
Solutions for effective and sustainable faecal sludge management (FSM) presents a significant global need. FSM is a relatively new field, however, it is currently rapidly developing and gaining acknowledgement. This chapter provides an introduction to what FSM is, some of the unique challenges of FSM, an overview of the systems level approach for implementation and operation presented in this book, and additional resources that are available on the internet.
