33-11KV SUBSTATION TRAINING REPORT ON UTTAR PRADESH POWER CORPORATION LIMITED
33-11KV SUBSTATION TRAINING REPORT ON UTTAR PRADESH POWER CORPORATION LIMITED
source: https://idoc.pub
The creation of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (UPPCL) on January 14, 2000 is the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal point of the Power Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its transmission, distribution and supply of electricity. UPPCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost-efficient electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art technologies, providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the country.
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Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Equipment
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of these specifications is to assure that all tested electrical equipment and systems supplied by either contractor or owner are operational and within applicable standards and manufacturer’s tolerances and that equipment and systems are installed in accordance with design specifications. The need for acceptance testing of electrical power systems is very clear to those with extensive start-up and/or operating experience.
Shipping and installation damage, field and factory wiring errors, manufacturing defects, and systems and components not in accordance with drawings and specifications are some of the many problems that can be detected by appropriate testing. When these defects are found before start-up they can be corrected under warranty and without the safety hazards and possible equipment and consequential damages or loss of use/production that can occur if discovered after startup or energizing. In addition, test results obtained during acceptance testing are invaluable as base reference data for periodic testing which is an essential element of an effective maintenance program.
This document lists a majority of the field test available for assessing the suitability for service and reliability of the power distribution system. Certain tests have been assigned an “optional” classification. The following considerations were used in determining the use of the “optional” classification: 1. Did another test listed provide similar information? 2. How did the cost of the test compare to the cost of other tests providing similar information? 3. How commonplace was the test procedure? Is it new technology? While acknowledging the above, it is still necessary to make an informed judgment for each particular system regarding how extensive the testing should be. The approach taken in these specifications is to present a comprehensive series of tests that is applicable to most industrial and larger commercial systems.
The guidance of an experienced testing professional should be sought when making decisions such as how extensive testing should be. In smaller systems, some of the tests can be deleted. In other cases, a number of the tests indicated as optional should be performed. As a further note, it is important to follow the recommendations contained in the manufacturer’s instruction manuals. Many of the details of a complete and effective acceptance testing procedure can only be obtained from that source.
Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Equipment
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of these specifications is to assure that all tested electrical equipment and systems supplied by either contractor or owner are operational and within applicable standards and manufacturer’s tolerances and that equipment and systems are installed in accordance with design specifications. The need for acceptance testing of electrical power systems is very clear to those with extensive start-up and/or operating experience.
Shipping and installation damage, field and factory wiring errors, manufacturing defects, and systems and components not in accordance with drawings and specifications are some of the many problems that can be detected by appropriate testing. When these defects are found before start-up they can be corrected under warranty and without the safety hazards and possible equipment and consequential damages or loss of use/production that can occur if discovered after startup or energizing. In addition, test results obtained during acceptance testing are invaluable as base reference data for periodic testing which is an essential element of an effective maintenance program.
This document lists a majority of the field test available for assessing the suitability for service and reliability of the power distribution system. Certain tests have been assigned an “optional” classification. The following considerations were used in determining the use of the “optional” classification: 1. Did another test listed provide similar information? 2. How did the cost of the test compare to the cost of other tests providing similar information? 3. How commonplace was the test procedure? Is it new technology? While acknowledging the above, it is still necessary to make an informed judgment for each particular system regarding how extensive the testing should be. The approach taken in these specifications is to present a comprehensive series of tests that is applicable to most industrial and larger commercial systems.
The guidance of an experienced testing professional should be sought when making decisions such as how extensive testing should be. In smaller systems, some of the tests can be deleted. In other cases, a number of the tests indicated as optional should be performed. As a further note, it is important to follow the recommendations contained in the manufacturer’s instruction manuals. Many of the details of a complete and effective acceptance testing procedure can only be obtained from that source.
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This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of DCS systems. The terms Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Distributed Control System (DCS), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), and Smart Instrument are defined and placed in the context used in this manual. The chapter is split into the following sections:
Definitions of the terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and smart instrument
Remote terminal unit (RTU) structure
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System reliability and availability
Communication architectures and philosophies
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SCADA Systems Hardware(And FirmWare)
. Introduction
This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of DCS systems. The terms Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Distributed Control System (DCS), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), and Smart Instrument are defined and placed in the context used in this manual. The chapter is split into the following sections:
Definitions of the terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and smart instrument
Remote terminal unit (RTU) structure
PLCs used as RTUs
System reliability and availability
Communication architectures and philosophies
Typical considerations in configuration of a master station
Electrical Temperature Measurement
Electrical temperature measurement
The measurement of temperature is of special importance in numerous processes, with around 45% of all required measurement points associated with temperature. Applications include smelting, chemical reactions, food processing, energy measurement, and air conditioning. The applications mentioned are so very different, as are the service requirements imposed on the temperature sensors, their principle of operation, and their technical construction. In industrial processes, the measurement point is often a long way from the indication point; this may be demanded by the process conditions, with smelting and annealing furnaces, for example, or because central data acquisition is required. Often there is a requirement for further processing of the measurements in controllers or recorders.
The direct-reading thermometers familiar to us all in our everyday life are unsuitable for these applications; devices are needed that convert temperature into another form, an electrical signal. Incidentally, these electrical transducers are still referred to as thermometers, although, strictly speaking, what is meant is the transducer, comprising the sensor element and its surrounding protection fitting. In industrial electrical temperature measurement, pyrometers, resistance thermometers, and thermocouples are in common use. There are other measurement systems, such as oscillating quartz sensors and fiber-optic systems that have not yet found a wide application in the industry
Electrical Temperature Measurement
Electrical temperature measurement
The measurement of temperature is of special importance in numerous processes, with around 45% of all required measurement points associated with temperature. Applications include smelting, chemical reactions, food processing, energy measurement, and air conditioning. The applications mentioned are so very different, as are the service requirements imposed on the temperature sensors, their principle of operation, and their technical construction. In industrial processes, the measurement point is often a long way from the indication point; this may be demanded by the process conditions, with smelting and annealing furnaces, for example, or because central data acquisition is required. Often there is a requirement for further processing of the measurements in controllers or recorders.
The direct-reading thermometers familiar to us all in our everyday life are unsuitable for these applications; devices are needed that convert temperature into another form, an electrical signal. Incidentally, these electrical transducers are still referred to as thermometers, although, strictly speaking, what is meant is the transducer, comprising the sensor element and its surrounding protection fitting. In industrial electrical temperature measurement, pyrometers, resistance thermometers, and thermocouples are in common use. There are other measurement systems, such as oscillating quartz sensors and fiber-optic systems that have not yet found a wide application in the industry
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Abstract:
The degree and importance of automation at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increased with the development of technology and tightening of treatment requirements. The objective of this paper is to assess and document the current status of process automation at WWTPs in Finland to determine successful practices and the needs of plant operators. Renewing ammonia or organic content
removal processes to total nitrogen removal processes has also increased the need of Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA). The survey has quantified that the reliability and accuracy of the on-line sensor measurement has improved recently, which makes the use of on-line measurements in control more applicable. The use of nutrient sensors in control is apparently still rare at Finnish WWTPs even though their use for monitoring purposes is common.
Process Automation In Wastewater Treatment Plants: the Finnish Experience
Abstract:
The degree and importance of automation at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increased with the development of technology and tightening of treatment requirements. The objective of this paper is to assess and document the current status of process automation at WWTPs in Finland to determine successful practices and the needs of plant operators. Renewing ammonia or organic content
removal processes to total nitrogen removal processes has also increased the need of Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA). The survey has quantified that the reliability and accuracy of the on-line sensor measurement has improved recently, which makes the use of on-line measurements in control more applicable. The use of nutrient sensors in control is apparently still rare at Finnish WWTPs even though their use for monitoring purposes is common.
Field Instrumentation
Basic terms related to temperature
Different scales conversion
Basic temperature measuring techniques
RTD’s and its application
Thermocouples and their applications
Comparison between RTDs and Thermocouples
State the effect on the indicated temperature for failures, open circuits, and short
circuit
Field Instrumentation
Basic terms related to temperature
Different scales conversion
Basic temperature measuring techniques
RTD’s and its application
Thermocouples and their applications
Comparison between RTDs and Thermocouples
State the effect on the indicated temperature for failures, open circuits, and short
circuit
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