A Practical Water Efficiency Guide for Businesses in Northern Ireland
A Practical Water Efficiency Guide for Businesses in Northern Ireland
Source: https://www.investni.com
Becoming a water efficient business in Northern Ireland is an attractive goal, but in practice, many companies do not know where to start. This simple and practical guide is designed to be a first stage towards your company becoming water efficient by working through a simple ten-step process. Through improving the water efficiency of your business, you will realise benefits such as: saving money, reducing your carbon footprint, preserving natural resources for future generations and becoming a green supplier.
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Water Treatment and Pathogen Control
This document is part of a series of expert reviews on different aspects of microbial water quality and health, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to inform development of guidelines for drinking-water quality, and to help countries and suppliers to develop and implement effective water safety plans. Contamination of drinking-water by microbial pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to background rates of disease. There are many treatment options for eliminating pathogens from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply involves choosing from a range of processes. This document is a critical review of some of the literature on removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water. The aim is to provide water quality specialists and design engineers with guidance on selecting appropriate treatment processes, to ensure the production of high quality drinking-water. Specifically, the document provides information on choosing appropriate treatment in relation to raw water quality, estimating pathogen concentrations in drinking-water, assessing the ability of treatment processes to achieve health-based water safety targets and identifying control measures in process operation.
Water Treatment and Pathogen Control
This document is part of a series of expert reviews on different aspects of microbial water quality and health, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to inform development of guidelines for drinking-water quality, and to help countries and suppliers to develop and implement effective water safety plans. Contamination of drinking-water by microbial pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to background rates of disease. There are many treatment options for eliminating pathogens from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply involves choosing from a range of processes. This document is a critical review of some of the literature on removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water. The aim is to provide water quality specialists and design engineers with guidance on selecting appropriate treatment processes, to ensure the production of high quality drinking-water. Specifically, the document provides information on choosing appropriate treatment in relation to raw water quality, estimating pathogen concentrations in drinking-water, assessing the ability of treatment processes to achieve health-based water safety targets and identifying control measures in process operation.
Analysis of Wastewater for Use in Agriculture – A Laboratory Manual of Parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques
Introduction:
The use of wastewater for crop irrigation is becoming increasingly common, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Crop yields are higher as the wastewater contains not only water for crop growth, but also plant nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus). However, there is the risk that wastewater irrigation may facilitate the transmission of excreta-related diseases. In the late 1980s, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal sponsored a series of studies and meetings of experts to examine these health risks (International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, 1985; Shuval et al., 1986; Prost, 1988; World Health Organization, 1989). From an appraisal of the available epidemiological evidence, it was established that the major risks were: the transmission of intestinal nematode infections both to those working in the waste-water irrigated fields and to those consuming vegetables grown in the fields; these infections are due to Ascaris lumbricoides (the human roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (the human whipworm), and Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (the human hookworms); and- the transmission of faecal bacterial diseases - bacterial diarrhoea and dysentery, typhoid and cholera - to the crop consumers.
Analysis of Wastewater for Use in Agriculture – A Laboratory Manual of Parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques
Introduction:
The use of wastewater for crop irrigation is becoming increasingly common, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Crop yields are higher as the wastewater contains not only water for crop growth, but also plant nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus). However, there is the risk that wastewater irrigation may facilitate the transmission of excreta-related diseases. In the late 1980s, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal sponsored a series of studies and meetings of experts to examine these health risks (International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, 1985; Shuval et al., 1986; Prost, 1988; World Health Organization, 1989). From an appraisal of the available epidemiological evidence, it was established that the major risks were: the transmission of intestinal nematode infections both to those working in the waste-water irrigated fields and to those consuming vegetables grown in the fields; these infections are due to Ascaris lumbricoides (the human roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (the human whipworm), and Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (the human hookworms); and- the transmission of faecal bacterial diseases - bacterial diarrhoea and dysentery, typhoid and cholera - to the crop consumers.
Effects of Heavy Metals on Cell Density, Size, Specific Growth Rate and Chlorophyll a of Tetraselmis Tetrathele Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
Abstract
The effects of the varying levels of mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg L⁻¹) to the cellular density of the green microalgae Tetraselmis tetrathele were evaluated every 24 h for 120 h. Specific growth rate, cell sizes and chlorophyll a were also monitored in the 5.0 mg L⁻¹ Hg and Cd and were compared to the unexposed at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 120h. Results showed that the algal density of T. tetrathele exposed to various levels of Hg were similar with the control up to 48 h. Variations on different concentrations at different times were observed but the results suggest that T. tetrathele was not affected by Hg even at concentrations up to 5.0 mg L⁻¹ for 48 h but started to show toxicity from 3.0 to 5.0 mg L⁻¹ after 72 h and longer. Cd on the other hand also showed toxicity at 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg L⁻¹ beyond 24 h exposure. The specific growth rate of T. tetrathele exposed to both 5.0 mg L⁻¹ Hg and Cd was statistically similar with those of the unexposed from 0 to 12 h and negative growth rates then followed up to 36 h. The chlorophyll a was significantly lower in the metal -exposed algae than did those unexposed. Chlorophyll a also decreased in T. tetrathele exposed to both heavy metals but algal cell sizes were not affected with the presence of Hg or Cd in the culture system.
Effects of Heavy Metals on Cell Density, Size, Specific Growth Rate and Chlorophyll a of Tetraselmis Tetrathele Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
Abstract
The effects of the varying levels of mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg L⁻¹) to the cellular density of the green microalgae Tetraselmis tetrathele were evaluated every 24 h for 120 h. Specific growth rate, cell sizes and chlorophyll a were also monitored in the 5.0 mg L⁻¹ Hg and Cd and were compared to the unexposed at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 120h. Results showed that the algal density of T. tetrathele exposed to various levels of Hg were similar with the control up to 48 h. Variations on different concentrations at different times were observed but the results suggest that T. tetrathele was not affected by Hg even at concentrations up to 5.0 mg L⁻¹ for 48 h but started to show toxicity from 3.0 to 5.0 mg L⁻¹ after 72 h and longer. Cd on the other hand also showed toxicity at 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg L⁻¹ beyond 24 h exposure. The specific growth rate of T. tetrathele exposed to both 5.0 mg L⁻¹ Hg and Cd was statistically similar with those of the unexposed from 0 to 12 h and negative growth rates then followed up to 36 h. The chlorophyll a was significantly lower in the metal -exposed algae than did those unexposed. Chlorophyll a also decreased in T. tetrathele exposed to both heavy metals but algal cell sizes were not affected with the presence of Hg or Cd in the culture system.
A Manual On Water Quality Treatment Methods At Community And Household Level
About this book :
This book is a compilation work of various techniques adopted at different parts of the world for removal of a range of chemical parameters which are present beyond the permissible limit in drinking water. The different technologies those are described in this book are mainly limited to household level and for community level. The stepwise pictorial presentation for treatment of contaminated water to remove different chemical parameters and biological treatment will possibly be appreciated by the readers of this book. The authors of this book have tried their best, put their utmost thought and taken maximum care while compiling the available information so that this piece of work will be accepted by every individual. This book in general comprises three sections and eight chapters are within these sections. Section-I comprises only one chapter which describes different water quality problems in India with specific interest to Odisha and for whom this book is designed. Similarly, the section-II encompasses four chapters. Water quality standards, water quality occurrence in different parts of the state and its presentation in shape of a map are reflected in these chapters. Section –III, which is the most important section of this book, illustrates identification of problems and their mitigation measures at household level as well as at community level. Material quantification and maintenance procedures are also depicted in this section.
A Manual On Water Quality Treatment Methods At Community And Household Level
About this book :
This book is a compilation work of various techniques adopted at different parts of the world for removal of a range of chemical parameters which are present beyond the permissible limit in drinking water. The different technologies those are described in this book are mainly limited to household level and for community level. The stepwise pictorial presentation for treatment of contaminated water to remove different chemical parameters and biological treatment will possibly be appreciated by the readers of this book. The authors of this book have tried their best, put their utmost thought and taken maximum care while compiling the available information so that this piece of work will be accepted by every individual. This book in general comprises three sections and eight chapters are within these sections. Section-I comprises only one chapter which describes different water quality problems in India with specific interest to Odisha and for whom this book is designed. Similarly, the section-II encompasses four chapters. Water quality standards, water quality occurrence in different parts of the state and its presentation in shape of a map are reflected in these chapters. Section –III, which is the most important section of this book, illustrates identification of problems and their mitigation measures at household level as well as at community level. Material quantification and maintenance procedures are also depicted in this section.
Investigation of The Quality of Water Treated by Magnetic Fields
Abstract
Passing water through a magnetic field has been claimed to improve chemical, physical and bacteriological quality of water in many different applications. Although the treatment process has been used for decades, it still remains in the realms of pseudoscience. If the claims of treating water with magnets are true, the process offers improvements on many of our applications of water in today’s world. A large number of peer reviewed journal articles have reported contradictory claims about the treatment.. Some of the most beneficial claimed water applications from magnetically treated water include improvement in scale reduction in pipes and enhanced crop yields with reduced water usage. Today we are still unsure whether the technology works and those who do believe it works are still trying to understand the mechanisms of how it works. Many research papers are starting to develop similar theories behind the mechanism of the treatment. From previous studies, it has been determined that the most successful MTD’s are those with alternating poles. The majority of the experiments performed during this research were determined to have insufficient controls to produce conclusive results. The conclusions from this research were focused on designing improved experiments to provide more conclusive results. A theory was developed to explain the MTD’s mechanisms of scale reduction. While the experimental results were not conclusive, the results attained backed the theory. Magnetically treated water does not do all that it is claimed it does. However, some of the positive results obtained during this research suggest that the improved experiments developed from this research may provide conclusive results on this controversial topic.
Investigation of The Quality of Water Treated by Magnetic Fields
Abstract
Passing water through a magnetic field has been claimed to improve chemical, physical and bacteriological quality of water in many different applications. Although the treatment process has been used for decades, it still remains in the realms of pseudoscience. If the claims of treating water with magnets are true, the process offers improvements on many of our applications of water in today’s world. A large number of peer reviewed journal articles have reported contradictory claims about the treatment.. Some of the most beneficial claimed water applications from magnetically treated water include improvement in scale reduction in pipes and enhanced crop yields with reduced water usage. Today we are still unsure whether the technology works and those who do believe it works are still trying to understand the mechanisms of how it works. Many research papers are starting to develop similar theories behind the mechanism of the treatment. From previous studies, it has been determined that the most successful MTD’s are those with alternating poles. The majority of the experiments performed during this research were determined to have insufficient controls to produce conclusive results. The conclusions from this research were focused on designing improved experiments to provide more conclusive results. A theory was developed to explain the MTD’s mechanisms of scale reduction. While the experimental results were not conclusive, the results attained backed the theory. Magnetically treated water does not do all that it is claimed it does. However, some of the positive results obtained during this research suggest that the improved experiments developed from this research may provide conclusive results on this controversial topic.
Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality
Introduction
The provision of water was one of the eight components of primary health care identified by the World Health Assembly in Alma Ata in 1978. The Alma Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care expanded the concept of health care to include broader concepts of affordability, accessibility, self-reliance, inter-sectoral collaboration, community participation, sustainability and social justice. The importance of water supply continues to be emphasised as critical to reducing poverty and improving the health and well-being of the World's children and adults. The global community has committed itself to halving the proportion of the world's population who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water by 2015. Although great strides have been made in meeting this challenge in terms of provision of services, the safety of many water supplies remains unknown and uncertain. The recent Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report provided statistics regarding access to technologies that were either 'improved' or 'unimproved'. This was done on the assumption that some technologies were likely to be better for health, although it was recognised that would not always be the case. However, there was no information provided on water quality within the assessment. The inclusion of information regarding water quality in future assessments of the degree of access to water supplies is desirable. This handbook is designed to help in the implementation of rapid assessments of water quality to improve the knowledge and understanding of the level of safety of water supplies. There is significant value in reporting of independently verifiable water quality data to support national Governments and the international community in measuring progress in achieving the international development targets. Such data provides useful information regarding current conditions, deriving the likely public health burden relate to inadequate water supply and to gain an understanding of the extent of major water quality problems in developing countries. These data would, therefore, provide an indication of future investment priorities and needs on a country, regional and global basis.
Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality
Introduction
The provision of water was one of the eight components of primary health care identified by the World Health Assembly in Alma Ata in 1978. The Alma Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care expanded the concept of health care to include broader concepts of affordability, accessibility, self-reliance, inter-sectoral collaboration, community participation, sustainability and social justice. The importance of water supply continues to be emphasised as critical to reducing poverty and improving the health and well-being of the World's children and adults. The global community has committed itself to halving the proportion of the world's population who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water by 2015. Although great strides have been made in meeting this challenge in terms of provision of services, the safety of many water supplies remains unknown and uncertain. The recent Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report provided statistics regarding access to technologies that were either 'improved' or 'unimproved'. This was done on the assumption that some technologies were likely to be better for health, although it was recognised that would not always be the case. However, there was no information provided on water quality within the assessment. The inclusion of information regarding water quality in future assessments of the degree of access to water supplies is desirable. This handbook is designed to help in the implementation of rapid assessments of water quality to improve the knowledge and understanding of the level of safety of water supplies. There is significant value in reporting of independently verifiable water quality data to support national Governments and the international community in measuring progress in achieving the international development targets. Such data provides useful information regarding current conditions, deriving the likely public health burden relate to inadequate water supply and to gain an understanding of the extent of major water quality problems in developing countries. These data would, therefore, provide an indication of future investment priorities and needs on a country, regional and global basis.
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