Long duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the catastrophic collapse of massive stars (MacFadyen & Woos- ley 1999), their immense luminosity likely powered by relativistic outflows launched from a compact central engine(Piran 2005). However, the nature of the central engine launching the outflow and the mechanism producing the collimated, relativistic jet remain two urgent open questions,
with models ranging from jets dominated by baryons or by Poynting flux, and those with nascent black holes or magnetars providing the central engine (see Kumar & Zhang 2015, for a review).
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Inorganic Contaminant Removal
The 2006 version of the Pa. DEP Inorganic Contaminant Removal module has detailed advanced treatment information on this topic and can be obtained by e-mailing the Pa. DEP Safe Drinking Water Training Section at DEPWSTechtrain@pa.gov to request a copy. This advanced module has additional information on the removal of various inorganic contaminants as well as on oxidation, ion exchange, activated alumina and sequestration. The 2006 document also includes more detailed information on the inorganic contaminant treatments of GAC (granular activated carbon), coagulation/filtration, membranes, and lime softening. It includes the following information:
- Inorganic contaminant treatment selection considerations
- Advanced inorganic contaminant removal chemistry terminology
- Advanced inorganic contaminant removal chemistry explanations
- Conventional filtration and how it relates to inorganic removal
- Detailed information on treatments for iron and manganese removal
- Detailed information on treatments for hardness removal
- Detailed information on inorganic contaminant monitoring protocols
- Detailed tables on the following topics:
- Sources of 26 inorganic contaminants
- Common secondary standards with effects, inorganic contributors and indications
- Various treatment technology options to consider for 24 inorganic contaminants
- Potential forms of iron and manganese
- Iron and manganese sampling procedures
- Iron and manganese oxidant selection criteria
- Iron and manganese theoretical (initial) dosing criteria
- Potential treatments for less common inorganics
- Potential treatments for miscellaneous trace metals
Inorganic Contaminant Removal
The 2006 version of the Pa. DEP Inorganic Contaminant Removal module has detailed advanced treatment information on this topic and can be obtained by e-mailing the Pa. DEP Safe Drinking Water Training Section at DEPWSTechtrain@pa.gov to request a copy. This advanced module has additional information on the removal of various inorganic contaminants as well as on oxidation, ion exchange, activated alumina and sequestration. The 2006 document also includes more detailed information on the inorganic contaminant treatments of GAC (granular activated carbon), coagulation/filtration, membranes, and lime softening. It includes the following information:
- Inorganic contaminant treatment selection considerations
- Advanced inorganic contaminant removal chemistry terminology
- Advanced inorganic contaminant removal chemistry explanations
- Conventional filtration and how it relates to inorganic removal
- Detailed information on treatments for iron and manganese removal
- Detailed information on treatments for hardness removal
- Detailed information on inorganic contaminant monitoring protocols
- Detailed tables on the following topics:
- Sources of 26 inorganic contaminants
- Common secondary standards with effects, inorganic contributors and indications
- Various treatment technology options to consider for 24 inorganic contaminants
- Potential forms of iron and manganese
- Iron and manganese sampling procedures
- Iron and manganese oxidant selection criteria
- Iron and manganese theoretical (initial) dosing criteria
- Potential treatments for less common inorganics
- Potential treatments for miscellaneous trace metals
Aerogel & Iron-Oxide Impregnated Granular Activated Carbon Media For Arsenic Removal
The goal of this project is to validate proof-of-concept testing for iron enriched granular activated carbon (GAC) composites (aerogel-GAC or iron-oxide impregnated) as a viable adsorbent for removing arsenic from groundwater and conduct technical and economic feasibility assessments for these innovative processes. Specific project objectives include: • Conduct batch experiments for aerogel-GAC and Fe-oxide impregnated GAC composites to evaluate their performance removing arsenic.
• Evaluate Fe-GAC media performance in rapid small scale column tests (RSSCTs) to assess arsenic removal in a more dynamic treatment system.
• Evaluate Fe-GAC potential for removal of other contaminants (e.g., methyl tertiary butyl ether, dissolved organic carbon).
• Characterize Fe-GAC media.
• Correlate performance and media characterization for possible selection of two media for a future second phase of this project.
Aerogel & Iron-Oxide Impregnated Granular Activated Carbon Media For Arsenic Removal
The goal of this project is to validate proof-of-concept testing for iron enriched granular activated carbon (GAC) composites (aerogel-GAC or iron-oxide impregnated) as a viable adsorbent for removing arsenic from groundwater and conduct technical and economic feasibility assessments for these innovative processes. Specific project objectives include: • Conduct batch experiments for aerogel-GAC and Fe-oxide impregnated GAC composites to evaluate their performance removing arsenic.
• Evaluate Fe-GAC media performance in rapid small scale column tests (RSSCTs) to assess arsenic removal in a more dynamic treatment system.
• Evaluate Fe-GAC potential for removal of other contaminants (e.g., methyl tertiary butyl ether, dissolved organic carbon).
• Characterize Fe-GAC media.
• Correlate performance and media characterization for possible selection of two media for a future second phase of this project.
Analysis of the Membrane Alternatives Suitable for Kvarnagården Water Treatment Plant.
In this study surveys to membrane manufacturers and water treatment plants regarding the performance of different membrane alternatives have been carried out from January to April 2012. The work has been done as a part of a study of the different membrane alternatives suitable for Kvarnagården Water Treatment Plant. Also in the study experiments regarding water quality parameters have been carried out at the water laboratory at Chalmers University of Technology. The project is carried out at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and is connected to the company VIVAB, the company in charge of Kvarnagården Water Treatment Plant.
Analysis of the Membrane Alternatives Suitable for Kvarnagården Water Treatment Plant.
In this study surveys to membrane manufacturers and water treatment plants regarding the performance of different membrane alternatives have been carried out from January to April 2012. The work has been done as a part of a study of the different membrane alternatives suitable for Kvarnagården Water Treatment Plant. Also in the study experiments regarding water quality parameters have been carried out at the water laboratory at Chalmers University of Technology. The project is carried out at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and is connected to the company VIVAB, the company in charge of Kvarnagården Water Treatment Plant.
Arsenic Removal From Drinking Water By Advanced Filtration Processes
All over the world the presence of arsenic in water sources for human consumption has been raising great concern in terms of public health since many epidemiologic studies confirm the potential carcinogenic effect of arsenic. Because arsenic removal is the most frequent option for safe drinking water, the development of more efficient and sustainable technologies is extremely important. Membrane separation processes are suitable for water treatment because they can provide an absolute barrier for bacteria and viruses, besides removing turbidity and colour. Their application is a promising technology in arsenic removal since it does not require the addition of chemical reagents nor the preliminary oxidation of arsenite required in conventional treatment options. However, since membrane technologies such as reverse osmosis can be a very expensive and unsustainable treatment option for small water supply
systems, it becomes crucial that alternative methods are developed. This work presents a few conclusions based on a laboratorial study performed to evaluate the efficiency of arsenic removal using ultrafiltration, microfiltration and solar oxidation processes under different experimental conditions for relevant parameters. The results showed removal efficiencies higher than 90%. Key-words: safe drinking water, arsenic removal, membranes, public health.
Arsenic Removal From Drinking Water By Advanced Filtration Processes
All over the world the presence of arsenic in water sources for human consumption has been raising great concern in terms of public health since many epidemiologic studies confirm the potential carcinogenic effect of arsenic. Because arsenic removal is the most frequent option for safe drinking water, the development of more efficient and sustainable technologies is extremely important. Membrane separation processes are suitable for water treatment because they can provide an absolute barrier for bacteria and viruses, besides removing turbidity and colour. Their application is a promising technology in arsenic removal since it does not require the addition of chemical reagents nor the preliminary oxidation of arsenite required in conventional treatment options. However, since membrane technologies such as reverse osmosis can be a very expensive and unsustainable treatment option for small water supply
systems, it becomes crucial that alternative methods are developed. This work presents a few conclusions based on a laboratorial study performed to evaluate the efficiency of arsenic removal using ultrafiltration, microfiltration and solar oxidation processes under different experimental conditions for relevant parameters. The results showed removal efficiencies higher than 90%. Key-words: safe drinking water, arsenic removal, membranes, public health.
Introduction to Water Treatment
This is an introduction to water treatment systems and technology. It is not a design manual or an exhaustive treatise. It is intended for engineers who are not regularly involved in water treatment projects, but who are interested in learning some of the basics involved. Criteria to be followed in determining the necessity for and the extent of treatment are discussed here, as are procedures applicable to the planning of water treatment projects.
Introduction to Water Treatment
This is an introduction to water treatment systems and technology. It is not a design manual or an exhaustive treatise. It is intended for engineers who are not regularly involved in water treatment projects, but who are interested in learning some of the basics involved. Criteria to be followed in determining the necessity for and the extent of treatment are discussed here, as are procedures applicable to the planning of water treatment projects.
Advancing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Panchayats
Access to safe drinking water is critical to survival, and its deprivation could affect the health, food security, and livelihoods of human beings. India achieved 93% coverage of access to improved water supply in rural areas in 2015 towards fulfilling its commitment under the Millennium Development Goal1. However, with reference to safely managed drinking water (improved water supply located on-premises, available when needed and free of contamination) as per Sustainable Development Goal, India still has major targets to achieve, and is geared up to accomplish the same by the end of 2024. With the shift from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) less than half of the total rural households in the country have access to safely managed drinking water (improved water supply located on-premises, available when needed and free of contamination).
Advancing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Panchayats
Access to safe drinking water is critical to survival, and its deprivation could affect the health, food security, and livelihoods of human beings. India achieved 93% coverage of access to improved water supply in rural areas in 2015 towards fulfilling its commitment under the Millennium Development Goal1. However, with reference to safely managed drinking water (improved water supply located on-premises, available when needed and free of contamination) as per Sustainable Development Goal, India still has major targets to achieve, and is geared up to accomplish the same by the end of 2024. With the shift from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) less than half of the total rural households in the country have access to safely managed drinking water (improved water supply located on-premises, available when needed and free of contamination).
Biofilm Control Study
Darigold operates a milk products facility in Lynden, Washington. Production processes include evaporation of milk, which generates what is referred to as condensate of whey (COW) water. COW water contains low molecular weight organic compounds including traces of lactic acid, alcohols, acetoin, and non-protein nitrogen (Möslang, 2017). COW water and non-contact cooling water from the Darigold Lynden facility are currently discharged to Outfall 001, which combines with stormwater and the City of Lynden’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge to the Nooksack River through the City’s outfall. Darigold’s discharge is regulated under National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit No. WA0002470 administered by the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology). In the future, Darigold’s COW Water and non-contact cooling water will be directly discharged to the Nooksack River in a new outfall pipe (Outfall 002) currently being constructed by the City.
Biofilm Control Study
Darigold operates a milk products facility in Lynden, Washington. Production processes include evaporation of milk, which generates what is referred to as condensate of whey (COW) water. COW water contains low molecular weight organic compounds including traces of lactic acid, alcohols, acetoin, and non-protein nitrogen (Möslang, 2017). COW water and non-contact cooling water from the Darigold Lynden facility are currently discharged to Outfall 001, which combines with stormwater and the City of Lynden’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge to the Nooksack River through the City’s outfall. Darigold’s discharge is regulated under National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit No. WA0002470 administered by the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology). In the future, Darigold’s COW Water and non-contact cooling water will be directly discharged to the Nooksack River in a new outfall pipe (Outfall 002) currently being constructed by the City.
Recommended Standards for Water Works
A Report of the Water Supply Committee of the Great Lakes--Upper Mississippi River Board
of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers
Recommended Standards for Water Works
A Report of the Water Supply Committee of the Great Lakes--Upper Mississippi River Board
of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers
An Integrated Photoelectrochemical Zero Liquid Discharge System for Inland Brackish Water Desalination
Surging population, energy demands, and climate change will push us, ever more urgently, to find new approaches to meet growing water demands. Most often, this will involve harvesting lower quality or impaired water supplies (e.g., seawater or brackish groundwater) as a source for drinking water. Recently desalination using membrane-based processes (e.g., reverse osmosis [RO], electrodialysis [ED], and nanofiltration [NF]) has shown promise for providing additional sources of fresh water across the United States. However, the current membrane separation processes are commonly energy intensive and produce large volumes of concentrated brine which poses unique challenges. Particularly in land-locked urban center brine disposal often relyes on surface water discharge or deep-well injection which pose economic and practical difficulties for wide-spread adoption of such technologies. Thus, there is an urgent need for energy-efficient desalination technologies that reduce the amount of concentrate produced, or identify cost-effective solutions for concentrate management.
An Integrated Photoelectrochemical Zero Liquid Discharge System for Inland Brackish Water Desalination
Surging population, energy demands, and climate change will push us, ever more urgently, to find new approaches to meet growing water demands. Most often, this will involve harvesting lower quality or impaired water supplies (e.g., seawater or brackish groundwater) as a source for drinking water. Recently desalination using membrane-based processes (e.g., reverse osmosis [RO], electrodialysis [ED], and nanofiltration [NF]) has shown promise for providing additional sources of fresh water across the United States. However, the current membrane separation processes are commonly energy intensive and produce large volumes of concentrated brine which poses unique challenges. Particularly in land-locked urban center brine disposal often relyes on surface water discharge or deep-well injection which pose economic and practical difficulties for wide-spread adoption of such technologies. Thus, there is an urgent need for energy-efficient desalination technologies that reduce the amount of concentrate produced, or identify cost-effective solutions for concentrate management.
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