Adsorption Of Heavy Metal Ions From Aqueous Solutions And Wastewater Using Water Hyacinth Powder
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions and Wastewater using Water Hyacinth Powder
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A Pilot Study of an Electromagnetic Field for Control of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Scaling During Brackish Groundwater Desalination
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF) on control of membrane
fouling and scaling during desalination of brackish groundwater using a pilot reverse osmosis (RO)
skid. The groundwater was primarily CaSO4 type with a total dissolved solids concentration of
5850 mg/L and hardness of 2500 mg/L as CaCO3. Two EMF devices were installed in the pipeline
before a cartridge filter and in the RO feed inlet to induce an electric signal of ±150 kHz to the
groundwater. The effects of EMF on membrane scaling were evaluated under accelerated conditions,
i.e., without pH adjustment and addition of antiscalant. Two-phase experiments were conducted:
Phase 1 (376 h) with the EMF devices turned on after 150 h baseline operation; and Phase 2 (753 h)
with the EMF devices turned on from the beginning of testing. The EMF significantly reduced
membrane scaling and improved RO performance by 38.3% and 14.3% in terms of normalized water
permeability decline rate after 150 h and 370 h operation, respectively. Membrane autopsy results
indicated that the fouling layer formed under the influence of EMF was loose with a low density and
was easily removed by hydraulic flushing
A Pilot Study of an Electromagnetic Field for Control of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Scaling During Brackish Groundwater Desalination
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF) on control of membrane
fouling and scaling during desalination of brackish groundwater using a pilot reverse osmosis (RO)
skid. The groundwater was primarily CaSO4 type with a total dissolved solids concentration of
5850 mg/L and hardness of 2500 mg/L as CaCO3. Two EMF devices were installed in the pipeline
before a cartridge filter and in the RO feed inlet to induce an electric signal of ±150 kHz to the
groundwater. The effects of EMF on membrane scaling were evaluated under accelerated conditions,
i.e., without pH adjustment and addition of antiscalant. Two-phase experiments were conducted:
Phase 1 (376 h) with the EMF devices turned on after 150 h baseline operation; and Phase 2 (753 h)
with the EMF devices turned on from the beginning of testing. The EMF significantly reduced
membrane scaling and improved RO performance by 38.3% and 14.3% in terms of normalized water
permeability decline rate after 150 h and 370 h operation, respectively. Membrane autopsy results
indicated that the fouling layer formed under the influence of EMF was loose with a low density and
was easily removed by hydraulic flushing
Removal of Escherichia Coli from Domestic Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation in the removal of Escherichia coli from domestic and urban wastewaters and to determine the effects of the main operational parameters on the process. An electrocoagulation reactor with aluminum and iron electrodes was built for this purpose. A factorial design was applied, where amperage, treatment time, and pH were considered as the factors and E. coli percent removal was the response variable. After 20 min of treatment, >97% removal efficiency was achieved. The highest E. coli removal efficiency achieved was 99.9% at a neutral pH of 7, amperage of 3 A, and treatment time of 60 min. However, the removal efficiency of close to 99% was also achieved at natural wastewater pH of 8.5. The statistical analyses showed that the three tested factors significantly affected the E. coli removal percentage (p < 0.05). These results indicate that electrocoagulation has a high disinfection power in a primary reactor in removing water con[1]taminants as well as simultaneously removing pathogenic microorganisms when compared to biological treatment processes. This represents an additional benefit, because it will considerably reduce the use of chlorine during the final disinfection stage.
Removal of Escherichia Coli from Domestic Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation in the removal of Escherichia coli from domestic and urban wastewaters and to determine the effects of the main operational parameters on the process. An electrocoagulation reactor with aluminum and iron electrodes was built for this purpose. A factorial design was applied, where amperage, treatment time, and pH were considered as the factors and E. coli percent removal was the response variable. After 20 min of treatment, >97% removal efficiency was achieved. The highest E. coli removal efficiency achieved was 99.9% at a neutral pH of 7, amperage of 3 A, and treatment time of 60 min. However, the removal efficiency of close to 99% was also achieved at natural wastewater pH of 8.5. The statistical analyses showed that the three tested factors significantly affected the E. coli removal percentage (p < 0.05). These results indicate that electrocoagulation has a high disinfection power in a primary reactor in removing water con[1]taminants as well as simultaneously removing pathogenic microorganisms when compared to biological treatment processes. This represents an additional benefit, because it will considerably reduce the use of chlorine during the final disinfection stage.
Artificial Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Groundwater Quality
The present article delves into the examination of groundwater quality, based on WQI, for drinking purposes in Baghdad City. Further, for carrying out the investigation, the data was collected from the Ministry of Water Resources of Baghdad, which represents water samples drawn from 114 wells in Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa sides of Baghdad city. With the aim of further determining WQI, four water parameters such as (i) pH, (ii) Chloride (Cl), (iii) Sulfate (SO4), and (iv) Total dissolved solids (TDS), were taken into consideration. Additionally, to anticipate changes in groundwater WQI, IBM® SPSS® Statistics 19 software (SPSS) was used to develop an artificial neural network model (ANNM). With the application of this ANNM model, the results obtained illustrated high prediction efficiency, as the sum of squares error functions (for training and testing samples) and coefficient of determination (R2), were found to be (0.038 and 0.005) and 0.973, respectively.
Artificial Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Groundwater Quality
The present article delves into the examination of groundwater quality, based on WQI, for drinking purposes in Baghdad City. Further, for carrying out the investigation, the data was collected from the Ministry of Water Resources of Baghdad, which represents water samples drawn from 114 wells in Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa sides of Baghdad city. With the aim of further determining WQI, four water parameters such as (i) pH, (ii) Chloride (Cl), (iii) Sulfate (SO4), and (iv) Total dissolved solids (TDS), were taken into consideration. Additionally, to anticipate changes in groundwater WQI, IBM® SPSS® Statistics 19 software (SPSS) was used to develop an artificial neural network model (ANNM). With the application of this ANNM model, the results obtained illustrated high prediction efficiency, as the sum of squares error functions (for training and testing samples) and coefficient of determination (R2), were found to be (0.038 and 0.005) and 0.973, respectively.
Fouling and Cleaning Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes
Abstract:
This work deals with fouling and successive cleaning of RO membrane fouled by an organic foulant, sodium alginate using a laboratory-scale cross flow test unit. First, spiral-wound RO membrane was fouled with sodium alginate solution up to 10% and 15%, respectively at an applied pressure of 1380 kPa with flow rate of 10 lit/min. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a chemical cleaning agent for cleaning of RO membrane. The effect of cleaning chemical dose and cross-flow velocity on the membrane chemical cleaning duration to achieve 100% cleaning efficiency (i.e., to get original water flux) was also investigated. As the SDS concentration increases, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases due to increase in the solubility of the foulant (when the surface tension decreases by an increase in the SDS concentration). Furthermore, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity of the cleaning chemical solution (SDS). Higher cross-flow velocity enhances the turbulence at the fouling layer and hence the mass transfer of the foulant from the fouling layer to the bulk solution is improved, then the SDS has weakened the structural integrity of the fouling layer. It is observed that better cleaning is occurred with higher concentration of SDS and flow rate. The obtained results clearly reveal that SDS cleaning is proved to be an efficient cleaning method for RO membranes fouled with organic foulant.
Fouling and Cleaning Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes
Abstract:
This work deals with fouling and successive cleaning of RO membrane fouled by an organic foulant, sodium alginate using a laboratory-scale cross flow test unit. First, spiral-wound RO membrane was fouled with sodium alginate solution up to 10% and 15%, respectively at an applied pressure of 1380 kPa with flow rate of 10 lit/min. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a chemical cleaning agent for cleaning of RO membrane. The effect of cleaning chemical dose and cross-flow velocity on the membrane chemical cleaning duration to achieve 100% cleaning efficiency (i.e., to get original water flux) was also investigated. As the SDS concentration increases, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases due to increase in the solubility of the foulant (when the surface tension decreases by an increase in the SDS concentration). Furthermore, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity of the cleaning chemical solution (SDS). Higher cross-flow velocity enhances the turbulence at the fouling layer and hence the mass transfer of the foulant from the fouling layer to the bulk solution is improved, then the SDS has weakened the structural integrity of the fouling layer. It is observed that better cleaning is occurred with higher concentration of SDS and flow rate. The obtained results clearly reveal that SDS cleaning is proved to be an efficient cleaning method for RO membranes fouled with organic foulant.
Analysis of the Flux Performance of Different RO/NF Membranes in the Treatment of Agroindustrial Wastewater by Means of the Boundary Flux Theory
Abstract:
Dynamic membrane system behaviour must be adequately addressed to avoid process unfeasibility. The lack of proper analysis will mean relying on erroneous permeate flux values in the system design, which will lead to quick and/or steady high fouling rates. In this paper, the authors present additional data supporting the boundary flux theory as a helpful tool for membrane engineers to carefully avoid process failures. By fitting the dynamic permeate flux data to the
boundary flux model, it was possible to calculate the β fouling index for the three selected membranes (one nanofiltration (NF) and two reverse osmosis (RO) ones). The dynamic flux given by the low-pressure RO membrane did not follow sub-boundary operating conditions, since a sharp flux loss was measured throughout the whole operating cycle, pinpointing that supra-boundary flux conditions were governing the system. This was supported by the calculated value of the β fouling parameter, which resulted to be in the order of ten times higher for this membrane. However, the values of β→0 for the SC-RO and DK-NF ones, supported by the very low value of the sub-boundary fouling parameter α (0.002 and 0.007 L·h −1·m−2 ·bar−2 , respectively), ensure nearly boundary operating conditions for these membranes.
Analysis of the Flux Performance of Different RO/NF Membranes in the Treatment of Agroindustrial Wastewater by Means of the Boundary Flux Theory
Abstract:
Dynamic membrane system behaviour must be adequately addressed to avoid process unfeasibility. The lack of proper analysis will mean relying on erroneous permeate flux values in the system design, which will lead to quick and/or steady high fouling rates. In this paper, the authors present additional data supporting the boundary flux theory as a helpful tool for membrane engineers to carefully avoid process failures. By fitting the dynamic permeate flux data to the
boundary flux model, it was possible to calculate the β fouling index for the three selected membranes (one nanofiltration (NF) and two reverse osmosis (RO) ones). The dynamic flux given by the low-pressure RO membrane did not follow sub-boundary operating conditions, since a sharp flux loss was measured throughout the whole operating cycle, pinpointing that supra-boundary flux conditions were governing the system. This was supported by the calculated value of the β fouling parameter, which resulted to be in the order of ten times higher for this membrane. However, the values of β→0 for the SC-RO and DK-NF ones, supported by the very low value of the sub-boundary fouling parameter α (0.002 and 0.007 L·h −1·m−2 ·bar−2 , respectively), ensure nearly boundary operating conditions for these membranes.
Overview Of The Main Disinfection Processes For Wastewater And Drinking water Treatment Plants
Abstract: The use of water disinfection as a public health measure reduces the spread of diseases. Various disinfection technologies can be used to meet the pathogen inactivation demand in water. This work is an overview of the main disinfection technologies of wastewater and drinking water that reports for the conventional processes the action mechanism, the possible formation of by-products, the operative conditions, the advantages and disadvantages. For advanced and natural processes the action mechanisms are reported. Advanced technologies are interesting but are still in the research state, while conventional technologies are the most used. There is a tendency, especially in Italy, to use chlorine-based disinfectant, despite in some forms could lead to production of disinfection by-products.
Overview Of The Main Disinfection Processes For Wastewater And Drinking water Treatment Plants
Abstract: The use of water disinfection as a public health measure reduces the spread of diseases. Various disinfection technologies can be used to meet the pathogen inactivation demand in water. This work is an overview of the main disinfection technologies of wastewater and drinking water that reports for the conventional processes the action mechanism, the possible formation of by-products, the operative conditions, the advantages and disadvantages. For advanced and natural processes the action mechanisms are reported. Advanced technologies are interesting but are still in the research state, while conventional technologies are the most used. There is a tendency, especially in Italy, to use chlorine-based disinfectant, despite in some forms could lead to production of disinfection by-products.
Removal Of Polar Organic Micropollutants By Pilot-Scale Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment
Abstract : The robustness of reverse osmosis (RO) against polar organic micropollutants (MPs) was investigated in
pilot-scale drinking water treatment. Experiments were carried in hypoxic conditions to treat a raw anaerobic riverbank filtrate spiked with a mixture of thirty model compounds. The chemicals were selected from scientific literature data based on their relevance for the quality of freshwater systems, RO permeate and drinking water. MPs passage and the influence of permeate flux were evaluated with a typical low-pressure RO membrane and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. A strong inverse correlation between size and passage of neutral hydrophilic compounds was observed. This correlation was weaker for moderately hydrophobic MPs. Anionic MPs displayed nearly no passage due to electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged membrane surface,
whereas breakthrough of small cationic MPs could be observed. The passage figures observed for the investigated set of MPs ranged from less than 1%e25%. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between physicochemical properties and passage. The effects of permeate flux were more pronounced for small neutral MPs, which displayed a higher passage after a pressure drop.
Removal Of Polar Organic Micropollutants By Pilot-Scale Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment
Abstract : The robustness of reverse osmosis (RO) against polar organic micropollutants (MPs) was investigated in
pilot-scale drinking water treatment. Experiments were carried in hypoxic conditions to treat a raw anaerobic riverbank filtrate spiked with a mixture of thirty model compounds. The chemicals were selected from scientific literature data based on their relevance for the quality of freshwater systems, RO permeate and drinking water. MPs passage and the influence of permeate flux were evaluated with a typical low-pressure RO membrane and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. A strong inverse correlation between size and passage of neutral hydrophilic compounds was observed. This correlation was weaker for moderately hydrophobic MPs. Anionic MPs displayed nearly no passage due to electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged membrane surface,
whereas breakthrough of small cationic MPs could be observed. The passage figures observed for the investigated set of MPs ranged from less than 1%e25%. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between physicochemical properties and passage. The effects of permeate flux were more pronounced for small neutral MPs, which displayed a higher passage after a pressure drop.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husk Ash Low Cost Adsorbent
Abstract
In the present study, adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions on rice husk ash (RHA) has been investigated in single, binary and tertiary systems.
Batch experiments were also carried out for mono-and multi-component systems with varying metal ions concentrations (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husk Ash Low Cost Adsorbent
Abstract
In the present study, adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions on rice husk ash (RHA) has been investigated in single, binary and tertiary systems.
Batch experiments were also carried out for mono-and multi-component systems with varying metal ions concentrations (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics.
Applications of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
Abstract:
Waste water treatment issues have been a growing problems these days. Its treatment is becoming must in this Industrial world. Nanoparticles have a great potential to be used in waste water treatment. Some of the unique characteristics of it having high surface area can be used efficiently for removing toxic metal ions, disease causing microbes, inorganic and organic solutes from water. The different classes of nanomaterials also have the authority to be efficient for water treatment like metal-containing nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials and zeolites. The review includes recent development in nanotechnology for water and wastewater treatment. The paper covers nanomaterials that enables the applications, advantages and limitations as compared to existing processes. Nanotechnology has led to various efficient ways for treatment of waste water in a more precise and accurate way on both small and large scale.
Applications of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
Abstract:
Waste water treatment issues have been a growing problems these days. Its treatment is becoming must in this Industrial world. Nanoparticles have a great potential to be used in waste water treatment. Some of the unique characteristics of it having high surface area can be used efficiently for removing toxic metal ions, disease causing microbes, inorganic and organic solutes from water. The different classes of nanomaterials also have the authority to be efficient for water treatment like metal-containing nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials and zeolites. The review includes recent development in nanotechnology for water and wastewater treatment. The paper covers nanomaterials that enables the applications, advantages and limitations as compared to existing processes. Nanotechnology has led to various efficient ways for treatment of waste water in a more precise and accurate way on both small and large scale.
Correlation Between BOD5 and COD for Al- Diwaniyah Wastewater Treatment Plants to Obtain The Biodigrability Indices
ABSTRACT
The present study aims to establish an empirical correlation between biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the sewage flowing in Al-Diwaniyah wastewater treatment plant. The strength of the wastewater entering the plant varied from medium to high. High concentrations of BOD5 and COD in the effluent were obtained due to the poor performance of the plant. This was observed from the BOD5 /COD ratios that did not confirm with the typical ratios for the treated sewage. Regression equations for BOD5 and COD removal percentages were suggested which can be used to evaluate rapid effluent assessment after the treatment processes or optimal process control to improve the performance of wastewater treatment plants. The average Biodegradability indices (B.I) of Al-Diwaniyah wastewater plants was found to be 0.69. The equations relating the percentage removal of BOD5(y) with influent BOD5(x), y= 0.044x + 80.66 and the percentage removal of COD (y) with influent COD (x), y= 0.045x + 55.15 were found with high correlation R2 =0.72 and 0.86 respectively. Keywords: BOD5, COD, BOD5/COD ratio, Biodegradability indices, BOD5 and COD correlations
Correlation Between BOD5 and COD for Al- Diwaniyah Wastewater Treatment Plants to Obtain The Biodigrability Indices
ABSTRACT
The present study aims to establish an empirical correlation between biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the sewage flowing in Al-Diwaniyah wastewater treatment plant. The strength of the wastewater entering the plant varied from medium to high. High concentrations of BOD5 and COD in the effluent were obtained due to the poor performance of the plant. This was observed from the BOD5 /COD ratios that did not confirm with the typical ratios for the treated sewage. Regression equations for BOD5 and COD removal percentages were suggested which can be used to evaluate rapid effluent assessment after the treatment processes or optimal process control to improve the performance of wastewater treatment plants. The average Biodegradability indices (B.I) of Al-Diwaniyah wastewater plants was found to be 0.69. The equations relating the percentage removal of BOD5(y) with influent BOD5(x), y= 0.044x + 80.66 and the percentage removal of COD (y) with influent COD (x), y= 0.045x + 55.15 were found with high correlation R2 =0.72 and 0.86 respectively. Keywords: BOD5, COD, BOD5/COD ratio, Biodegradability indices, BOD5 and COD correlations
Current Advances in Membrane Technologies for Saline Wastewater Treatment A Comprehensive Review
ABSTRACT
The saline wastewater from various sources including agriculture and industrial activities, appears to have high salt concentration, organic content and other pollutants which can harm the environment. Thus, saline waste[1]water treatment has become one of the major concerns in many countries. Membrane technology offers great potential in saline wastewater treatment due to its high permeate quality, flexibility, and desalination capability. This paper highlights the current development in various types of membrane processes such as pressure driven[1]based membranes, forward osmosis, membrane distillation, electrodialysis and membrane bioreactor, either as a stand-alone or integrated process for saline wastewater treatment. The membranes performance in terms of water reclamation as well as resource recovery is discussed. Besides, the membrane fouling issue is highlighted, and the efficiency of various fouling mitigation strategies when dealing with real/challenging saline wastewater are reviewed. Finally, the future challenges and outlook in the context of membrane application for saline wastewater treatment are discussed.
Current Advances in Membrane Technologies for Saline Wastewater Treatment A Comprehensive Review
ABSTRACT
The saline wastewater from various sources including agriculture and industrial activities, appears to have high salt concentration, organic content and other pollutants which can harm the environment. Thus, saline waste[1]water treatment has become one of the major concerns in many countries. Membrane technology offers great potential in saline wastewater treatment due to its high permeate quality, flexibility, and desalination capability. This paper highlights the current development in various types of membrane processes such as pressure driven[1]based membranes, forward osmosis, membrane distillation, electrodialysis and membrane bioreactor, either as a stand-alone or integrated process for saline wastewater treatment. The membranes performance in terms of water reclamation as well as resource recovery is discussed. Besides, the membrane fouling issue is highlighted, and the efficiency of various fouling mitigation strategies when dealing with real/challenging saline wastewater are reviewed. Finally, the future challenges and outlook in the context of membrane application for saline wastewater treatment are discussed.
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