Basics for Water treatment to Green Hydrogen Production

Heavy metals are a group of metals and metalloids that includes transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. When released into water, these elements have toxic effects on water quality and surface sediments, affecting environmental parameters such as pH and temperature. Therefore, metals that are harmful to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems pose a significant threat to plants, animals, and human health. As such, there is increased interest in mitigating the harmful environmental impacts of heavy metals. This book provides a comprehensive overview of heavy metals, their impacts on water, soil, food crops, and cosmetics, and techniques for their remediation. It is organized into three sections: “Heavy Metals and Their Effects on the Environment,” “Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Their Risks to Irrigation Water,” and “Remediation of Heavy Metals.

This review presents the developments in artificial intelligence technologies for environmental pollution controls. A number of AI approaches, which start with the reliable mapping of nonlinear behavior between inputs and outputs in chemical and biological processes in  terms of prediction models to the emerging optimization and control algorithms that study the  pollutants removal processes and intelligent control systems, have been developed for environmental clean-ups. The characteristics, advantages and limitations of AI methods, including single and hybrid AI methods, were overviewed. Hybrid AI methods exhibited synergistic effects, but with computational heaviness.

Tunnel construction is expensive when compared to the construction of other engineering structures. Detailed surveys indicate that the cost of a tunnel support system ranges between 30 and 50 percent of the total project cost, and can sometimes reach upwards of 70 percent. Currently, theoretical studies and experiences obtained from large projects indicate that costs can be reduced by increasing the efficiency of rock load estimation and support design. In other words, the selection of a support system or systems suitable for rock mass conditions encountered during construction processes plays an important role in reducing project costs. Methods based on rock-support interaction introduce rational solutions for economical and safe tunneling because they provide a good combination of design and construction processes.