Biogas Potential in Selected Waste Water Treatment Plants
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Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Wastewater can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and from sewer inflow or infiltration. Municipal wastewater (also called sewage) is usually conveyed in a combined sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a wastewater treatment plant. Treated wastewater is discharged into receiving water via an effluent pipe. Wastewaters generated in areas without access to centralized sewer systems rely on on-site wastewater systems. These typically comprise a septic tank, drain field, and optionally an on-site treatment unit. The management of wastewater belongs to the overarching term sanitation, just like the management of human excreta, solid waste and storm water (drainage). Industrial wastewater is defined as any wastewater generated from any manufacturing,
processing, institutional, commercial, or agricultural operation, or any operation that discharges other
than domestic or sanitary wastewater.
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Wastewater can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and from sewer inflow or infiltration. Municipal wastewater (also called sewage) is usually conveyed in a combined sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a wastewater treatment plant. Treated wastewater is discharged into receiving water via an effluent pipe. Wastewaters generated in areas without access to centralized sewer systems rely on on-site wastewater systems. These typically comprise a septic tank, drain field, and optionally an on-site treatment unit. The management of wastewater belongs to the overarching term sanitation, just like the management of human excreta, solid waste and storm water (drainage). Industrial wastewater is defined as any wastewater generated from any manufacturing,
processing, institutional, commercial, or agricultural operation, or any operation that discharges other
than domestic or sanitary wastewater.
A Review of Electrocoagulation Process for Wastewater Treatment
The control of environmental pollution and also the treatment of polluted water are of great concern. Within the past decade, electrochemical coagulation process has emerged as most effective wastewater treatment process as compared to conventional techniques of treating wastewater. Electrocoagulation is robust, cost effective, reliable, low sludge generating process, it has automation amenability and it has high pollutant removal efficiency. The aim of the review is to explain the basics and up to date advancement of electrocoagulation method for the improvements in the pollutant removal efficiency.
A Review of Electrocoagulation Process for Wastewater Treatment
The control of environmental pollution and also the treatment of polluted water are of great concern. Within the past decade, electrochemical coagulation process has emerged as most effective wastewater treatment process as compared to conventional techniques of treating wastewater. Electrocoagulation is robust, cost effective, reliable, low sludge generating process, it has automation amenability and it has high pollutant removal efficiency. The aim of the review is to explain the basics and up to date advancement of electrocoagulation method for the improvements in the pollutant removal efficiency.
A Simple Guide To The Chemistry, Selection And Use Of Chemicals For Water And Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
Every year in South Africa an estimated R500m is spent on chemicals used in the treatment of drinking and waste water. Most of this money is allocated on the basis of tenders issued and contracts awarded. The evaluation of tenders is generally undertaken by a team of people from various disciplines within the awarding organization and the decisions they make can have a significant effect on the quality of water or waste that is produced and also on the finances of the organization for which they work. It is obvious therefore that these decisions – which chemicals to use, how much to use, how much should be paid, who is the most professional supplier – are important ones and ones that should be taken whilst in possession of the most factual and impartial information. This guide aims to provide those decision-makers, and other users of water treatment chemicals, with specific and useful information about water treatment chemicals. It is a chemistry text book aimed specifically at those people who have to make informed decisions but who have not had a formal education in chemistry or whose chemistry education has not been specific in detail relevant to water treatment chemicals. It does not, however, aim to be a comprehensive chemistry textbook and chemicals not used in water treatment are not discussed; nor are properties that are irrelevant to the water treatment application of the chemical. The guide is designed to serve as a reference book with each chapter being self contained and specific. It will be easily understood by those readers that do not have a formal chemistry education and hopefully will provide some useful additional insight and information to those that The guide is divided into ten chapters and includes an appendix at the end that contains various useful equations. The contents of each chapter are listed below.
A Simple Guide To The Chemistry, Selection And Use Of Chemicals For Water And Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
Every year in South Africa an estimated R500m is spent on chemicals used in the treatment of drinking and waste water. Most of this money is allocated on the basis of tenders issued and contracts awarded. The evaluation of tenders is generally undertaken by a team of people from various disciplines within the awarding organization and the decisions they make can have a significant effect on the quality of water or waste that is produced and also on the finances of the organization for which they work. It is obvious therefore that these decisions – which chemicals to use, how much to use, how much should be paid, who is the most professional supplier – are important ones and ones that should be taken whilst in possession of the most factual and impartial information. This guide aims to provide those decision-makers, and other users of water treatment chemicals, with specific and useful information about water treatment chemicals. It is a chemistry text book aimed specifically at those people who have to make informed decisions but who have not had a formal education in chemistry or whose chemistry education has not been specific in detail relevant to water treatment chemicals. It does not, however, aim to be a comprehensive chemistry textbook and chemicals not used in water treatment are not discussed; nor are properties that are irrelevant to the water treatment application of the chemical. The guide is designed to serve as a reference book with each chapter being self contained and specific. It will be easily understood by those readers that do not have a formal chemistry education and hopefully will provide some useful additional insight and information to those that The guide is divided into ten chapters and includes an appendix at the end that contains various useful equations. The contents of each chapter are listed below.
Adsorption And Biological Filtration In Wastewater Treatment
Over the last few decades adsorption has gained paramount importance in industry and environmental protection. Adsorption processes are widely applied for separation and purification because of the high reliability, energy efficiency, design flexibility, technological maturity and the ability to regenerate the exhausted adsorbent. One method of important extending the adsorption treatment processes is biofiltration. The biological filter relies on the activities of the community of micro-organisms that become attached onto the filter media. Microbes oxidize organic matters in water to produce energy and therefore available nutrients sources in feed water are essential for their development. Biofiltration can effectively remove organic matter that is not able to be removed from water and biologically treated sewage effluent in conventional sewage treatment. The microbial attachment process, the factors that influence biological filtration, the kinetics of microbial growth and details of the microbial community in the biofilter are discussed in detail. There are several types of biofilters including submerged filters, trickling filter, bed filter, fluidised bed. The different biofilters are described and a comparison between them is provided. The application of biofilters for treating various types of wastewater effluent is detailed.
Adsorption And Biological Filtration In Wastewater Treatment
Over the last few decades adsorption has gained paramount importance in industry and environmental protection. Adsorption processes are widely applied for separation and purification because of the high reliability, energy efficiency, design flexibility, technological maturity and the ability to regenerate the exhausted adsorbent. One method of important extending the adsorption treatment processes is biofiltration. The biological filter relies on the activities of the community of micro-organisms that become attached onto the filter media. Microbes oxidize organic matters in water to produce energy and therefore available nutrients sources in feed water are essential for their development. Biofiltration can effectively remove organic matter that is not able to be removed from water and biologically treated sewage effluent in conventional sewage treatment. The microbial attachment process, the factors that influence biological filtration, the kinetics of microbial growth and details of the microbial community in the biofilter are discussed in detail. There are several types of biofilters including submerged filters, trickling filter, bed filter, fluidised bed. The different biofilters are described and a comparison between them is provided. The application of biofilters for treating various types of wastewater effluent is detailed.
Agricultural Wastewater Treatment
In many semiarid and arid countries, water is now becoming an increasingly limited resource and managers are forced to take into account sources of water that may be used economically and efficiently to encourage further development. Simultaneously, with the population increasing at a high rate, the requirement for increased production of food is apparent. The prospective for irrigation to increase both the agricultural productivity and living standards of the poor has long been acknowledged. Irrigated agriculture occupies nearly 17% of the total arable land in the world but the yield from this land includes about 34% of the world total. This perspective is even more distinct in arid areas like the Near East Region, where only 30% of the cultivated land is irrigated but it yields around 75% of total agricultural production. In the same area, more than 50% of the food necessities are imported and the increased rate in demand for the food surpasses the rate of an upsurge in agricultural production (Tunney et al., 2000).
Agricultural Wastewater Treatment
In many semiarid and arid countries, water is now becoming an increasingly limited resource and managers are forced to take into account sources of water that may be used economically and efficiently to encourage further development. Simultaneously, with the population increasing at a high rate, the requirement for increased production of food is apparent. The prospective for irrigation to increase both the agricultural productivity and living standards of the poor has long been acknowledged. Irrigated agriculture occupies nearly 17% of the total arable land in the world but the yield from this land includes about 34% of the world total. This perspective is even more distinct in arid areas like the Near East Region, where only 30% of the cultivated land is irrigated but it yields around 75% of total agricultural production. In the same area, more than 50% of the food necessities are imported and the increased rate in demand for the food surpasses the rate of an upsurge in agricultural production (Tunney et al., 2000).
Discharge quality from municipal wastewater treatment plants and the Sludge Biotic Index for activated sludge: integrative assessment
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are scrutinized by Environmental Authorities particularly regarding the compliance to discharge limit values fixed by national and local regulations. An integrated approach is necessary to achieve the objectives established with Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) considering the ecological status of the receiving water body and the quality of the discharge. Specifically, documentary, technical, management and analytical controls should be developed. Moreover, integrative information on the behaviour of the activated sludge in the aeration tank can be useful for plant managers as well as for the regulating Authorities. The study presents the experience concerning WWTP regulation considering the analytic assessment of the discharge as well the monitoring of the Sludge Biotic Index (SBI) for activated sludge. Data from monitoring during the period 2008–14 on SBI values and chemical and microbiological data on the discharges of a sample of 35 WWTPs in the province of Venice (north-east Italy, Veneto region) are presented and discussed. Together with chemical and microbiological analysis, the SBI appears to be a highly useful index for the integrative assessment of plant functionality, in particular when monitoring and identifying critical situations that can determine the exceedance of discharge limit values. The SBI method, in an integrated control approach, can be used for small and medium sized WWTPs that only treat domestic wastewaters. In a case by case assessment this may even substitute part of the analytical monitoring carried out in the WWTPs' control process.
Discharge quality from municipal wastewater treatment plants and the Sludge Biotic Index for activated sludge: integrative assessment
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are scrutinized by Environmental Authorities particularly regarding the compliance to discharge limit values fixed by national and local regulations. An integrated approach is necessary to achieve the objectives established with Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) considering the ecological status of the receiving water body and the quality of the discharge. Specifically, documentary, technical, management and analytical controls should be developed. Moreover, integrative information on the behaviour of the activated sludge in the aeration tank can be useful for plant managers as well as for the regulating Authorities. The study presents the experience concerning WWTP regulation considering the analytic assessment of the discharge as well the monitoring of the Sludge Biotic Index (SBI) for activated sludge. Data from monitoring during the period 2008–14 on SBI values and chemical and microbiological data on the discharges of a sample of 35 WWTPs in the province of Venice (north-east Italy, Veneto region) are presented and discussed. Together with chemical and microbiological analysis, the SBI appears to be a highly useful index for the integrative assessment of plant functionality, in particular when monitoring and identifying critical situations that can determine the exceedance of discharge limit values. The SBI method, in an integrated control approach, can be used for small and medium sized WWTPs that only treat domestic wastewaters. In a case by case assessment this may even substitute part of the analytical monitoring carried out in the WWTPs' control process.
Advanced wastewater treatment for separation and removal of pharmaceutical residues and other hazardous substances
The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined a need to introduce advanced treatment for pharmaceutical residues in wastewater. An additional benefit of such a treatment is that it would also include the treatment of other hazardous substances.The extent to which pharmaceutical residues risk becoming a problem depends on local conditions such as the sensitivity of the receiving waters. While this is an important variable to consider, the Swedish EPA believes that the sensitivity of the receiving waters should not be the only consideration when setting requirements for treatment. The amount of released pharmaceutical residues and long-term effects should also be considered in decision making and justification. The investment and operational costs of introducing advanced treatment depend in part on the size and current capacity of treatment facilities, which is why size limitations can be an additional consideration when setting requirements.
Advanced wastewater treatment for separation and removal of pharmaceutical residues and other hazardous substances
The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined a need to introduce advanced treatment for pharmaceutical residues in wastewater. An additional benefit of such a treatment is that it would also include the treatment of other hazardous substances.The extent to which pharmaceutical residues risk becoming a problem depends on local conditions such as the sensitivity of the receiving waters. While this is an important variable to consider, the Swedish EPA believes that the sensitivity of the receiving waters should not be the only consideration when setting requirements for treatment. The amount of released pharmaceutical residues and long-term effects should also be considered in decision making and justification. The investment and operational costs of introducing advanced treatment depend in part on the size and current capacity of treatment facilities, which is why size limitations can be an additional consideration when setting requirements.
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