Biogas Purification by PSA
Prepared By: ANKUR SRIVASTAVA
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Feasibility Study for Production of Biogas from Wastewater and Sewage Sludge – Development of a Sustainability Assessment Framework and its Application
Abstract
Clean water and renewable energy are essential requirements to build resilience towards the adverse effects of climate change and global warming. Advanced wastewater treatment
options may provide a unique opportunity to recover various useful resources such as energy (biogas), fertilizers, minerals, and metals embedded in the wastewater stream. However,
considerable challenges remain when it comes to designing and planning sustainable wastewater treatment systems. This thesis focuses on the avenues of energy recovery from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), by evaluating the potential for biogas recovery from wastewater and sewage sludge treatment in WWTPs. Various available technologies for biogas recovery are examined and evaluated to understand their viability in different applications and relative performance. Further, the methodologies and tools employed to assess such energy recovery systems are evaluated, covering the technical, economic, and environmental performance aspects. A sustainability assessment framework is then developed, using appropriate sustainability indicators to assess performance. The framework is applied to a case study of a WWTP in the emerging city of Tbilisi, Georgia. A spreadsheet tool is also developed to aid the sustainability (techno-economic and environmental) assessments for the case study. The case study results reveal a significant biogas recovery potential, with an annual energy generation potential of 130 GWh from combined heat and power (CHP) recovery, and a potential to avoid 28,200 tCO2eq emissions every year when biogas is recovered only from the wastewater. The recovery potential increases when biogas is recovered from both wastewater and sewage sludge. Further, the contribution of overall resource (energy and nutrient) recovery in WWTPs to the Sustainable Development Goals is examined. By studying the linkage of various benefits to the different SDGs, the multilateral and cross-cutting nature of benefits from resource recovery is clearly illustrated. The thesis concludes with a discussion of possible future technologies and perspectives that can enhance the sustainability of WWTPs and help transform them into Wastewater Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRFs).
Feasibility Study for Production of Biogas from Wastewater and Sewage Sludge – Development of a Sustainability Assessment Framework and its Application
Abstract
Clean water and renewable energy are essential requirements to build resilience towards the adverse effects of climate change and global warming. Advanced wastewater treatment
options may provide a unique opportunity to recover various useful resources such as energy (biogas), fertilizers, minerals, and metals embedded in the wastewater stream. However,
considerable challenges remain when it comes to designing and planning sustainable wastewater treatment systems. This thesis focuses on the avenues of energy recovery from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), by evaluating the potential for biogas recovery from wastewater and sewage sludge treatment in WWTPs. Various available technologies for biogas recovery are examined and evaluated to understand their viability in different applications and relative performance. Further, the methodologies and tools employed to assess such energy recovery systems are evaluated, covering the technical, economic, and environmental performance aspects. A sustainability assessment framework is then developed, using appropriate sustainability indicators to assess performance. The framework is applied to a case study of a WWTP in the emerging city of Tbilisi, Georgia. A spreadsheet tool is also developed to aid the sustainability (techno-economic and environmental) assessments for the case study. The case study results reveal a significant biogas recovery potential, with an annual energy generation potential of 130 GWh from combined heat and power (CHP) recovery, and a potential to avoid 28,200 tCO2eq emissions every year when biogas is recovered only from the wastewater. The recovery potential increases when biogas is recovered from both wastewater and sewage sludge. Further, the contribution of overall resource (energy and nutrient) recovery in WWTPs to the Sustainable Development Goals is examined. By studying the linkage of various benefits to the different SDGs, the multilateral and cross-cutting nature of benefits from resource recovery is clearly illustrated. The thesis concludes with a discussion of possible future technologies and perspectives that can enhance the sustainability of WWTPs and help transform them into Wastewater Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRFs).
Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management
It is crystal clear that, in addition to clean air, the well-being of our planet also requires that water, wastewater and the resulting biosolids (sludge) need to be managed more seriously, and in a focused, coordinated and cooperative manner. The idea for the creation of this Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management originated at the IWA Biosolids Conference, “Moving Forward Wastewater Biosolids Sustainability: Technical, Managerial, and Public Synergy” held in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada in June 2007. At this conference representatives of the International Water Association (IWA), Water Environmental Federation (WEF) and European Water Association (EWA) agreed that it would be very useful to produce a current edition of the “Global Atlas of Wastewater Sludge and Biosolids Use and Disposal” which had been published in 1996, with Peter Matthews being
the original editor.
Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management
It is crystal clear that, in addition to clean air, the well-being of our planet also requires that water, wastewater and the resulting biosolids (sludge) need to be managed more seriously, and in a focused, coordinated and cooperative manner. The idea for the creation of this Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management originated at the IWA Biosolids Conference, “Moving Forward Wastewater Biosolids Sustainability: Technical, Managerial, and Public Synergy” held in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada in June 2007. At this conference representatives of the International Water Association (IWA), Water Environmental Federation (WEF) and European Water Association (EWA) agreed that it would be very useful to produce a current edition of the “Global Atlas of Wastewater Sludge and Biosolids Use and Disposal” which had been published in 1996, with Peter Matthews being
the original editor.
10 Acceptability aspects: Taste, odour and appearance
Access to safe drinking-water is essential to health, a basic human right and a component of effective policy for health protection. The importance of water, sanitation and hygiene for health and development has been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international policy forums. These have included health-oriented conferences such as the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan (former Soviet Union), in 1978. Access to safe drinking-water is important as a health and development issue at national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in water supply and sanitation can yield a net economic benefit, as the reductions in adverse health effects and health-care costs outweigh the costs of undertaking the interventions. Experience has also shown that interventions in improving access to safe water favour the poor in particular, whether in rural or urban areas, and can be an effective part of poverty alleviation strategies. The World Health Organization (WHO) published three editions of the Guide-lines for drinking-water quality in 1983–1984, 1993–1997 and 2004, as successors to previous WHO International standards for drinking water, published in 1958, 1963 and 1971. From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling revision, which leads to the regular publication of addenda that may add to or supersede information in previous volumes as well as expert reviews on key issues preparatory to the development of the Guidelines.
10 Acceptability aspects: Taste, odour and appearance
Access to safe drinking-water is essential to health, a basic human right and a component of effective policy for health protection. The importance of water, sanitation and hygiene for health and development has been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international policy forums. These have included health-oriented conferences such as the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan (former Soviet Union), in 1978. Access to safe drinking-water is important as a health and development issue at national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in water supply and sanitation can yield a net economic benefit, as the reductions in adverse health effects and health-care costs outweigh the costs of undertaking the interventions. Experience has also shown that interventions in improving access to safe water favour the poor in particular, whether in rural or urban areas, and can be an effective part of poverty alleviation strategies. The World Health Organization (WHO) published three editions of the Guide-lines for drinking-water quality in 1983–1984, 1993–1997 and 2004, as successors to previous WHO International standards for drinking water, published in 1958, 1963 and 1971. From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling revision, which leads to the regular publication of addenda that may add to or supersede information in previous volumes as well as expert reviews on key issues preparatory to the development of the Guidelines.
Sludge Dehydration Technologies
INTRODUCTION
Dewatering is a physical process integrated in the sludge line of treatment plant. It is aimed at reducing the water content and therefore the sludge volume. In this way, its transportation costs to the final destination point is reduced. On the other hand, the dewatered sludge is easier to handle and the transport process is more convenient than in the case of a sludge with higher water content.
The dewatering technique chosen must be consistent with the amount and characteristics of sludges generated and with the biosolid final destination.
Water present in the sludge exists in four forms (see figure): free, colloidal, intercellular and capillary. Free water can be separated from sludge by gravity as it is not associated with solids. Chemical conditioning prior to the use of mechanical tools is required in order to remove colloidal and capillary water. For intercellular water removal, the structure containing it must be broken and this can be done through heat treatment.
Sludge Dehydration Technologies
INTRODUCTION
Dewatering is a physical process integrated in the sludge line of treatment plant. It is aimed at reducing the water content and therefore the sludge volume. In this way, its transportation costs to the final destination point is reduced. On the other hand, the dewatered sludge is easier to handle and the transport process is more convenient than in the case of a sludge with higher water content.
The dewatering technique chosen must be consistent with the amount and characteristics of sludges generated and with the biosolid final destination.
Water present in the sludge exists in four forms (see figure): free, colloidal, intercellular and capillary. Free water can be separated from sludge by gravity as it is not associated with solids. Chemical conditioning prior to the use of mechanical tools is required in order to remove colloidal and capillary water. For intercellular water removal, the structure containing it must be broken and this can be done through heat treatment.
Activated Sludge Aeration Waste Heat for Membrane Evaporation of Desalination Brine Concentrate: A Bench Scale Collaborative Study
This study examines a potential membrane evaporation process to reduce brine concentrate volume at the San Antonio Water System’s (SAWS) 45.4 million liters per day (MLD) brackish water desalination facility in San Antonio, Texas, which is currently being constructed. This facility is a reverse osmosis (RO) process operating with 90% recovery by blending 37.9 MLD of permeate with 7.6 MLD of bypass water, producing 4.2 MLD of brine concentrate. The brine concentrate residuals are to be disposed of through deep-well injection. The deep-well injection process is anticipated to be expensive due to well-drilling costs and maintenance costs of operating at high injection pressures. Membrane evaporation systems are promising because they are compact systems and they can be used with low grade waste heat energy sources. This study investigates the potential of coupling membrane evaporation with waste heat generated from activated sludge aeration blowers.
Activated Sludge Aeration Waste Heat for Membrane Evaporation of Desalination Brine Concentrate: A Bench Scale Collaborative Study
This study examines a potential membrane evaporation process to reduce brine concentrate volume at the San Antonio Water System’s (SAWS) 45.4 million liters per day (MLD) brackish water desalination facility in San Antonio, Texas, which is currently being constructed. This facility is a reverse osmosis (RO) process operating with 90% recovery by blending 37.9 MLD of permeate with 7.6 MLD of bypass water, producing 4.2 MLD of brine concentrate. The brine concentrate residuals are to be disposed of through deep-well injection. The deep-well injection process is anticipated to be expensive due to well-drilling costs and maintenance costs of operating at high injection pressures. Membrane evaporation systems are promising because they are compact systems and they can be used with low grade waste heat energy sources. This study investigates the potential of coupling membrane evaporation with waste heat generated from activated sludge aeration blowers.
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