Chapter Two Intake Facilities
Intakes are structures built in a body of water for the purpose of drawing water for human use. As discussed in this chapter, intake systems include the facilities required to divert and transport water from a supply source, such as a river, lake, or reservoir, to a shore well or pumping station. For small water supplies, the intake system may be relatively simple, consisting of little more than a submerged pipe protected by a rack or screen. In contrast, for major water supply systems, intake systems can be extensive, with diversion accomplished by intake tower structures or submerged inlet works.
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Surging population, energy demands, and climate change will push us, ever more urgently, to find new approaches to meet growing water demands. Most often, this will involve harvesting lower quality or impaired water supplies (e.g., seawater or brackish groundwater) as a source for drinking water. Recently desalination using membrane-based processes (e.g., reverse osmosis [RO], electrodialysis [ED], and nanofiltration [NF]) has shown promise for providing additional sources of fresh water across the United States. However, the current membrane separation processes are commonly energy intensive and produce large volumes of concentrated brine which poses unique challenges. Particularly in land-locked urban center brine disposal often relyes on surface water discharge or deep-well injection which pose economic and practical difficulties for wide-spread adoption of such technologies. Thus, there is an urgent need for energy-efficient desalination technologies that reduce the amount of concentrate produced, or identify cost-effective solutions for concentrate management.
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Module 11: Administration of Water Treatment Plants
• Describe how water treatment plants comply with their minimum federal and state monitoring requirements.
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• Discuss reporting requirements when complying with federal and state regulations.
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