What is clean water? Clean water is a clear creek cascading down a steep mountainside, and a refreshing glass of ice water on a hot day. It is a spring-fed brook filled with wild trout, and rain falling on a parched field. It is a lush, green wetland teeming with vegetation and wildlife, and a dynamic estuary surging with the tide, filled with healthy shellfish and salmon. Clean water is all of these and more.
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Water Treatment and Pathogen Control
This document is part of a series of expert reviews on different aspects of microbial water quality and health, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to inform development of guidelines for drinking-water quality, and to help countries and suppliers to develop and implement effective water safety plans. Contamination of drinking-water by microbial pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to background rates of disease. There are many treatment options for eliminating pathogens from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply involves choosing from a range of processes. This document is a critical review of some of the literature on removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water. The aim is to provide water quality specialists and design engineers with guidance on selecting appropriate treatment processes, to ensure the production of high quality drinking-water. Specifically, the document provides information on choosing appropriate treatment in relation to raw water quality, estimating pathogen concentrations in drinking-water, assessing the ability of treatment processes to achieve health-based water safety targets and identifying control measures in process operation.
Water Treatment and Pathogen Control
This document is part of a series of expert reviews on different aspects of microbial water quality and health, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to inform development of guidelines for drinking-water quality, and to help countries and suppliers to develop and implement effective water safety plans. Contamination of drinking-water by microbial pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to background rates of disease. There are many treatment options for eliminating pathogens from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply involves choosing from a range of processes. This document is a critical review of some of the literature on removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water. The aim is to provide water quality specialists and design engineers with guidance on selecting appropriate treatment processes, to ensure the production of high quality drinking-water. Specifically, the document provides information on choosing appropriate treatment in relation to raw water quality, estimating pathogen concentrations in drinking-water, assessing the ability of treatment processes to achieve health-based water safety targets and identifying control measures in process operation.
Analysis of Wastewater for Use in Agriculture – A Laboratory Manual of Parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques
Introduction:
The use of wastewater for crop irrigation is becoming increasingly common, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Crop yields are higher as the wastewater contains not only water for crop growth, but also plant nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus). However, there is the risk that wastewater irrigation may facilitate the transmission of excreta-related diseases. In the late 1980s, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal sponsored a series of studies and meetings of experts to examine these health risks (International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, 1985; Shuval et al., 1986; Prost, 1988; World Health Organization, 1989). From an appraisal of the available epidemiological evidence, it was established that the major risks were: the transmission of intestinal nematode infections both to those working in the waste-water irrigated fields and to those consuming vegetables grown in the fields; these infections are due to Ascaris lumbricoides (the human roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (the human whipworm), and Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (the human hookworms); and- the transmission of faecal bacterial diseases - bacterial diarrhoea and dysentery, typhoid and cholera - to the crop consumers.
Analysis of Wastewater for Use in Agriculture – A Laboratory Manual of Parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques
Introduction:
The use of wastewater for crop irrigation is becoming increasingly common, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Crop yields are higher as the wastewater contains not only water for crop growth, but also plant nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus). However, there is the risk that wastewater irrigation may facilitate the transmission of excreta-related diseases. In the late 1980s, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal sponsored a series of studies and meetings of experts to examine these health risks (International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, 1985; Shuval et al., 1986; Prost, 1988; World Health Organization, 1989). From an appraisal of the available epidemiological evidence, it was established that the major risks were: the transmission of intestinal nematode infections both to those working in the waste-water irrigated fields and to those consuming vegetables grown in the fields; these infections are due to Ascaris lumbricoides (the human roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (the human whipworm), and Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (the human hookworms); and- the transmission of faecal bacterial diseases - bacterial diarrhoea and dysentery, typhoid and cholera - to the crop consumers.
Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality
Introduction
The provision of water was one of the eight components of primary health care identified by the World Health Assembly in Alma Ata in 1978. The Alma Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care expanded the concept of health care to include broader concepts of affordability, accessibility, self-reliance, inter-sectoral collaboration, community participation, sustainability and social justice. The importance of water supply continues to be emphasised as critical to reducing poverty and improving the health and well-being of the World's children and adults. The global community has committed itself to halving the proportion of the world's population who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water by 2015. Although great strides have been made in meeting this challenge in terms of provision of services, the safety of many water supplies remains unknown and uncertain. The recent Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report provided statistics regarding access to technologies that were either 'improved' or 'unimproved'. This was done on the assumption that some technologies were likely to be better for health, although it was recognised that would not always be the case. However, there was no information provided on water quality within the assessment. The inclusion of information regarding water quality in future assessments of the degree of access to water supplies is desirable. This handbook is designed to help in the implementation of rapid assessments of water quality to improve the knowledge and understanding of the level of safety of water supplies. There is significant value in reporting of independently verifiable water quality data to support national Governments and the international community in measuring progress in achieving the international development targets. Such data provides useful information regarding current conditions, deriving the likely public health burden relate to inadequate water supply and to gain an understanding of the extent of major water quality problems in developing countries. These data would, therefore, provide an indication of future investment priorities and needs on a country, regional and global basis.
Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality
Introduction
The provision of water was one of the eight components of primary health care identified by the World Health Assembly in Alma Ata in 1978. The Alma Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care expanded the concept of health care to include broader concepts of affordability, accessibility, self-reliance, inter-sectoral collaboration, community participation, sustainability and social justice. The importance of water supply continues to be emphasised as critical to reducing poverty and improving the health and well-being of the World's children and adults. The global community has committed itself to halving the proportion of the world's population who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water by 2015. Although great strides have been made in meeting this challenge in terms of provision of services, the safety of many water supplies remains unknown and uncertain. The recent Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report provided statistics regarding access to technologies that were either 'improved' or 'unimproved'. This was done on the assumption that some technologies were likely to be better for health, although it was recognised that would not always be the case. However, there was no information provided on water quality within the assessment. The inclusion of information regarding water quality in future assessments of the degree of access to water supplies is desirable. This handbook is designed to help in the implementation of rapid assessments of water quality to improve the knowledge and understanding of the level of safety of water supplies. There is significant value in reporting of independently verifiable water quality data to support national Governments and the international community in measuring progress in achieving the international development targets. Such data provides useful information regarding current conditions, deriving the likely public health burden relate to inadequate water supply and to gain an understanding of the extent of major water quality problems in developing countries. These data would, therefore, provide an indication of future investment priorities and needs on a country, regional and global basis.
A Manual On Water Quality Treatment Methods At Community And Household Level
About this book :
This book is a compilation work of various techniques adopted at different parts of the world for removal of a range of chemical parameters which are present beyond the permissible limit in drinking water. The different technologies those are described in this book are mainly limited to household level and for community level. The stepwise pictorial presentation for treatment of contaminated water to remove different chemical parameters and biological treatment will possibly be appreciated by the readers of this book. The authors of this book have tried their best, put their utmost thought and taken maximum care while compiling the available information so that this piece of work will be accepted by every individual. This book in general comprises three sections and eight chapters are within these sections. Section-I comprises only one chapter which describes different water quality problems in India with specific interest to Odisha and for whom this book is designed. Similarly, the section-II encompasses four chapters. Water quality standards, water quality occurrence in different parts of the state and its presentation in shape of a map are reflected in these chapters. Section –III, which is the most important section of this book, illustrates identification of problems and their mitigation measures at household level as well as at community level. Material quantification and maintenance procedures are also depicted in this section.
A Manual On Water Quality Treatment Methods At Community And Household Level
About this book :
This book is a compilation work of various techniques adopted at different parts of the world for removal of a range of chemical parameters which are present beyond the permissible limit in drinking water. The different technologies those are described in this book are mainly limited to household level and for community level. The stepwise pictorial presentation for treatment of contaminated water to remove different chemical parameters and biological treatment will possibly be appreciated by the readers of this book. The authors of this book have tried their best, put their utmost thought and taken maximum care while compiling the available information so that this piece of work will be accepted by every individual. This book in general comprises three sections and eight chapters are within these sections. Section-I comprises only one chapter which describes different water quality problems in India with specific interest to Odisha and for whom this book is designed. Similarly, the section-II encompasses four chapters. Water quality standards, water quality occurrence in different parts of the state and its presentation in shape of a map are reflected in these chapters. Section –III, which is the most important section of this book, illustrates identification of problems and their mitigation measures at household level as well as at community level. Material quantification and maintenance procedures are also depicted in this section.
Clearing the Waters A focus on water quality solutions
Reproduction
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme.
Clearing the Waters A focus on water quality solutions
Reproduction
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme.
Boiler Water Quality Requirements and Associated Steam Quality for Industrial/Commercial and Institutional Boilers
Introduction:
The purpose of this publication is to acquaint engineers, purchasers and operators of industrial, commercial and institutional (ICI) boilers with ABMA's judgment as to the relationship between boiler water quality and boiler performance. This document is published for general guidance as a supplement to detailed operating manuals supplied by the equipment manufacturers. It should also be noted that the information presented is directed to steel boiler designs, as opposed to cast iron sectional or copper finned tube boilers. Furthermore Utility Boilers and Combined Cycle Boilers, which require extremely close control of water quality and steam purity, are not the topic of this document. This new document combines two previous ABMA Guideline documents, namely “Boiler Water Requirements and Associated Steam Purity for Commercial Boilers” (1998), and “Boiler Water Limits and Achievable Steam Purity for Water tube Boilers”, (1995). The document discusses the effect of various feed water and condensate systems on the boiler operation. It also provides information on boiler water and steam testing as well as system care and maintenance. It is recognized that specific boiler usage and water treatment will vary and may require values different from these recommendations. Boiler users therefore, need to define limits, equipment and operating parameters for their particular application. These recommendations are for information only. Everyone is free to accept or reject the conclusions of these suggestions as their own judgment warrants in all aspects of the conduct of their business. The ABMA does not represent or warrant that any level of steam purity depicted will be achieved by any particular boiler or boilers.
Boiler Water Quality Requirements and Associated Steam Quality for Industrial/Commercial and Institutional Boilers
Introduction:
The purpose of this publication is to acquaint engineers, purchasers and operators of industrial, commercial and institutional (ICI) boilers with ABMA's judgment as to the relationship between boiler water quality and boiler performance. This document is published for general guidance as a supplement to detailed operating manuals supplied by the equipment manufacturers. It should also be noted that the information presented is directed to steel boiler designs, as opposed to cast iron sectional or copper finned tube boilers. Furthermore Utility Boilers and Combined Cycle Boilers, which require extremely close control of water quality and steam purity, are not the topic of this document. This new document combines two previous ABMA Guideline documents, namely “Boiler Water Requirements and Associated Steam Purity for Commercial Boilers” (1998), and “Boiler Water Limits and Achievable Steam Purity for Water tube Boilers”, (1995). The document discusses the effect of various feed water and condensate systems on the boiler operation. It also provides information on boiler water and steam testing as well as system care and maintenance. It is recognized that specific boiler usage and water treatment will vary and may require values different from these recommendations. Boiler users therefore, need to define limits, equipment and operating parameters for their particular application. These recommendations are for information only. Everyone is free to accept or reject the conclusions of these suggestions as their own judgment warrants in all aspects of the conduct of their business. The ABMA does not represent or warrant that any level of steam purity depicted will be achieved by any particular boiler or boilers.
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