Climate Variability and Change in the 21st Century.
Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. – Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). – Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. – Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales.
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Tunnel construction is expensive when compared to the construction of other
engineering structures. Detailed surveys indicate that the cost of a tunnel support
system ranges between 30 and 50 percent of the total project cost, and can sometimes
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