Condensate As a Water Source in Terrestrial and Extra-Terrestrial Conditions

Abstract: Water is life, and without water, there would be no civilizations and a vacant Earth. Water is considered an abundant natural resource on the earth. Water covers 3/4 of the surface. However, 97% of the available water on the earth is salty oceanic water, and only a tiny fraction (3%) is freshwater. This small portion of the available water supplies the needs of humans and animals. However, freshwater exists in underground, rivers, and lakes and is insufficient to cover all the world’s water demands. Thus, water saving, water reuse, rainwater harvesting, stormwater utilization, and desalination are critical for maintaining water supplies for the future of humanity. Desalination has a long history spanning centuries from ancient times to the present. In the last two decades, desalination has been rapidly expanding to meet water needs in stressed water regions of the world. Yet, there are still some problems with its implementation in several areas of the world. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the history of desalination for wiser and smarter water extraction and uses to sustain and support the water needs of the earth’s inhabitants.

Abstract Developing country causes growth of industries sectors. Despite that industrial sectors releases massive amount of waste water into the environment. At the same time, the increasing number of vehicles in Malaysia promotes the development of automobile workshop that produces huge amount of wastewater as well. Wastewater contains high level of suspended total solids and leave untreated. For instance oil, grease, dyestuff, chromium, phosphate in washing products and colouring, as well as heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, barium and others potential metals. All these hazardous wastes directly pollute the environment especially the groundwater and harm the ecosystem. In order to minimize and reduce the impact to the environment, the wastewater needed to be treated using technology such as permeable reactive barrier (PRB). Activated carbon is one of the PRB utilised. It is a compromised material for treatment of wastewater where there are varieties of sources to produce activated carbon. Malaysia as an active agricultural country, massive amount of agriculture wastes can be turned into activated carbon. They are two methods used to produce activated carbon, namely furnace heat processing and microwave processing. The usage of furnace and microwave instruments can produce different quality of activated carbon due to different mechanism involves. Furnace heat processing transferred the heat from external to the internal but microwave processing is vice versa. In this article, a brief overview of activated carbon usage for wastewater treatment is highlighted.

Introduction This paper reviews membrane contamination and dirt Control strategies, focusing on the latest developments. The first goal From this paper is to illustrate the types of dirt. The second goal is To discuss the latest pollution mitigation strategies, including pre-treatment, monitoring, cleaning, and surface modification as well as updates.

Abstract: The use of water disinfection as a public health measure reduces the spread of diseases. Various disinfection technologies can be used to meet the pathogen inactivation demand in water. This work is an overview of the main disinfection technologies of wastewater and drinking water that reports for the conventional processes the action mechanism, the possible formation of by-products, the operative conditions, the advantages and disadvantages. For advanced and natural processes the action mechanisms are reported. Advanced technologies are interesting but are still in the research state, while conventional technologies are the most used. There is a tendency, especially in Italy, to use chlorine-based disinfectant, despite in some forms could lead to production of disinfection by-products.

 Introduction Industrial wastewater treatment, such as those used for tannery wastewater, is complex due to the variety of chemicals added at different stages of processing of hides and skins. Major problems in tanneries are due to wastewater containing heavy metals, toxic chemicals, chloride, lime with high dissolved and suspended salts and other pollutants (Uberoi, 2003). The tanning process and the effluents generated have already been reported in literature (Wiegant et al., 1999, Sreeram and Ramasami, 2003, Stoop, 2003). Many conventional processes were carried out to treat wastewater such as biological process (Ahn et al., 1996, Vijayaraghavan and Murthy, 1997, Wiemann et al., 1998, Di Iaconi et al., 2003, Farabegoli et al., 2004), oxidation process (Sekaran et al., 1996, Dogruel et al., 2004, Sacco et al., 2012, de Caprariis et al., 2012) and chemical process (Di Iaconi et al., 2001, Orhon et al., 1998, Song et al., 2004) etc. Among these, physical and chemical methods are considered very expensive in terms of energy and reagents consumption (Churchley, 1994, Stern et al., 2003), and generation of excessive sludge (Chu, 2001). To reduce the production of sludge by the treatment of this wastewater combined or alternative systems must be explored. In particular, in this work, two spiral wound membrane modules were used: nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). The goal of this approach is to insert membranes into the cycle of wastewater treatment in order to remove the entire chain of biological treatment and the resulting post physico[1]chemical residue with a significant reduction of sludge up to 95%. A modified version of the traditional method used to measure critical fluxes of membranes, that is the pressure cycling method, was applied to measure both the critical and the threshold flux on the nanofiltration membrane in order to optimize the operating conditions. Once obtained the critical and threshold flux values, this data was used as input for a batch membrane process optimization method developed previously by Stoller at al. (Stoller and Chianese, 2006, Stoller and Bravi, 2010, Stoller, 2009, Iaquinta et al., 2009, Stoller, 2008, Stoller, 2011). The output of the method indicates the optimal permeate feed flow rate which should be used during the batch in order to inhibit membrane fouling. Finally, the obtained results were compared from an economical point of view with a conventional biological process to validate the membrane plant as possible alternative to conventional process.