Criteria for Sewage Works Design
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Chilled Water Plant Design Guide
Introduction:
Many large buildings, campuses, and other facilities have plants that make chilled water and distribute it to air handling units and other cooling equipment. The design operation and maintenance of these chilled water plants has a very large impact on building energy use and energy operating cost. Not only do chilled water plants use very significant amounts of electricity (as well as gas in some cases), they also significantly contribute to the peak load of buildings. The utility grid in California, and in many other areas of the country, experiences its maximum peak on hot summer days. During this peak event, chilled water plants are often running at maximum capacity. When temperatures are moderate, chilled water plants are shut down or operated in stand-by mode. This variation in the rate of energy use is a major contributor to the peaks and valleys in energy demand, which is one of the problems that must be addressed by utility grid managers. Most buildings and facilities that have chilled water plants have special utility rates where the cost of electricity depends on when it is used and the maximum rate of use. For instance, PG&E has five time charge periods: summer on-peak, summer mid-peak, summer off-peak, winter mid-peak and winter off-peak. The price of electricity is several times higher during the summer on-peak than it is during the off-peak periods. Not only does the cost of electricity vary, but most utility rates also have a monthly demand charge based on the maximum rate of electricity use for the billing period. Since chilled water plants operate more intensely during the summer peak period, efficiency gains and peak reductions can result in very large utility bill savings. In addition to new construction, the chilled water plants of many existing buildings are being replaced or overhauled. Older chilled water plants have equipment that uses ozone-damaging refrigerants. International treaties, in particular the Montreal Protocol, call for ozone damaging chemicals (in particular CFCs) to be phased out of production. As the availability of CFCs is reduced, the price will skyrocket, creating pressure for chilled water plants to be overhauled or replaced.
Chilled Water Plant Design Guide
Introduction:
Many large buildings, campuses, and other facilities have plants that make chilled water and distribute it to air handling units and other cooling equipment. The design operation and maintenance of these chilled water plants has a very large impact on building energy use and energy operating cost. Not only do chilled water plants use very significant amounts of electricity (as well as gas in some cases), they also significantly contribute to the peak load of buildings. The utility grid in California, and in many other areas of the country, experiences its maximum peak on hot summer days. During this peak event, chilled water plants are often running at maximum capacity. When temperatures are moderate, chilled water plants are shut down or operated in stand-by mode. This variation in the rate of energy use is a major contributor to the peaks and valleys in energy demand, which is one of the problems that must be addressed by utility grid managers. Most buildings and facilities that have chilled water plants have special utility rates where the cost of electricity depends on when it is used and the maximum rate of use. For instance, PG&E has five time charge periods: summer on-peak, summer mid-peak, summer off-peak, winter mid-peak and winter off-peak. The price of electricity is several times higher during the summer on-peak than it is during the off-peak periods. Not only does the cost of electricity vary, but most utility rates also have a monthly demand charge based on the maximum rate of electricity use for the billing period. Since chilled water plants operate more intensely during the summer peak period, efficiency gains and peak reductions can result in very large utility bill savings. In addition to new construction, the chilled water plants of many existing buildings are being replaced or overhauled. Older chilled water plants have equipment that uses ozone-damaging refrigerants. International treaties, in particular the Montreal Protocol, call for ozone damaging chemicals (in particular CFCs) to be phased out of production. As the availability of CFCs is reduced, the price will skyrocket, creating pressure for chilled water plants to be overhauled or replaced.
Small Wastewater Treatment Works DPW Design Guidelines
This document’s purpose is to direct the design process for designing the best and most Appropriate wastewater process for effluent which is generated by small scale on site operations, Up to 100 m3/day such as police stations, border posts, DOJ etc. Larger plants are also addressed To some extent. In this manual, the best appropriate process for such small waste water treatment Plants has already been identified as the Rotating Biological Contactors (biodiscs) systems and Biological trickling filters (biofiters) for larger quantities. Consultants designing such plants for The DPW need to take cognizance of all the criteria set out herein and must ensure that apart from That the best available practices as regards such processes are incorporated into the design. The Designers of such plants are however still to consider other alternatives if the circumstances so Dictate.
Small Wastewater Treatment Works DPW Design Guidelines
This document’s purpose is to direct the design process for designing the best and most Appropriate wastewater process for effluent which is generated by small scale on site operations, Up to 100 m3/day such as police stations, border posts, DOJ etc. Larger plants are also addressed To some extent. In this manual, the best appropriate process for such small waste water treatment Plants has already been identified as the Rotating Biological Contactors (biodiscs) systems and Biological trickling filters (biofiters) for larger quantities. Consultants designing such plants for The DPW need to take cognizance of all the criteria set out herein and must ensure that apart from That the best available practices as regards such processes are incorporated into the design. The Designers of such plants are however still to consider other alternatives if the circumstances so Dictate.
Community Public Water Systems Design Criteria
Introduction:
This publication is a revised edition of our Design Criteria for Community Public Water Systems. They have been prepared as a guide to water systems, design engineers, and our own staff. There has been no attempt to address every situation. We also know that there will be occasions when these criteria will not apply. Exceptions will be handled on an individual basis. The Tennessee Safe Drinking Water Act of 1983 requires The Department of Environment & Conservation to: "Exercise general supervision over the construction of public water systems throughout the state. Such general supervision shall include all the features of construction of public water systems which do or may affect the sanitary quality or the quantity of the water supply. No new construction shall be done nor shall any change be made in any public water system until the plans for such new construction or change have been submitted and approved by the department." (Extract of part of Section 68-221-706, Tennessee Code) Where the terms shall and must are used, it is intended to be a mandatory requirement. Other terms such as should, recommend, preferred, and the like, are intended to show desirable equipment, procedures, or methods. We encourage development of new methods and equipment. However, any new developments must be demonstrated to be satisfactory before we can approve their use. Operating data from other installations, or demonstration of the equipment by a manufacturer's representative, or both, may be needed for our review. These criteria are a compilation of information from a number of sources. The principle source, however, is Recommended Standards for Water Works, 1982 Edition. This publication is a report of "The Committee of the Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers" and is commonly known as Ten-State Standards.
Community Public Water Systems Design Criteria
Introduction:
This publication is a revised edition of our Design Criteria for Community Public Water Systems. They have been prepared as a guide to water systems, design engineers, and our own staff. There has been no attempt to address every situation. We also know that there will be occasions when these criteria will not apply. Exceptions will be handled on an individual basis. The Tennessee Safe Drinking Water Act of 1983 requires The Department of Environment & Conservation to: "Exercise general supervision over the construction of public water systems throughout the state. Such general supervision shall include all the features of construction of public water systems which do or may affect the sanitary quality or the quantity of the water supply. No new construction shall be done nor shall any change be made in any public water system until the plans for such new construction or change have been submitted and approved by the department." (Extract of part of Section 68-221-706, Tennessee Code) Where the terms shall and must are used, it is intended to be a mandatory requirement. Other terms such as should, recommend, preferred, and the like, are intended to show desirable equipment, procedures, or methods. We encourage development of new methods and equipment. However, any new developments must be demonstrated to be satisfactory before we can approve their use. Operating data from other installations, or demonstration of the equipment by a manufacturer's representative, or both, may be needed for our review. These criteria are a compilation of information from a number of sources. The principle source, however, is Recommended Standards for Water Works, 1982 Edition. This publication is a report of "The Committee of the Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers" and is commonly known as Ten-State Standards.
Chapter 3. Activated Carbon Columns Plant Design
Maybe, the first question that we have to ask ourselves is related to the decision of an adsorprtion process using activated carbon for the removal of micro pollutants is efficient. The theory says that the adsorbability of an organic molecule increases with increasing molecular weight and decreasing solubility and polarity. This means that high molecular weight compounds with low solubility, such as most pesticides, are well adsorbed, so the first idea is plenty justified.
Chapter 3. Activated Carbon Columns Plant Design
Maybe, the first question that we have to ask ourselves is related to the decision of an adsorprtion process using activated carbon for the removal of micro pollutants is efficient. The theory says that the adsorbability of an organic molecule increases with increasing molecular weight and decreasing solubility and polarity. This means that high molecular weight compounds with low solubility, such as most pesticides, are well adsorbed, so the first idea is plenty justified.
An Engineers Guide to Shaft Alignment, Vibration Analysis, Dynamic Balancing & Wear Debris Analysis
Introduction
The purpose of producing this handbook is to provide basic information and guidelines for the implementation of good shaft alignment, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing practice for standard rotating machines systems.
Laser alignment, dynamic balancing and condition monitoring are essential components of a viable maintenance strategy for rotating machines. In isolation each strategy helps to reduce unexpected machine failure but taken together they form the hub of a proactive maintenance strategy that will not only identify incipient problems but will extend machine operating life considerably.
In each section of this handbook we have used one or two examples of the available methods for measuring the required parameters. We do not suggest that the methods illustrated are the only ones available. For anyone wishing to pursue further the subjects covered here a bibliography of some of the available literature is to be found at the end of this handbook.
An Engineers Guide to Shaft Alignment, Vibration Analysis, Dynamic Balancing & Wear Debris Analysis
Introduction
The purpose of producing this handbook is to provide basic information and guidelines for the implementation of good shaft alignment, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing practice for standard rotating machines systems.
Laser alignment, dynamic balancing and condition monitoring are essential components of a viable maintenance strategy for rotating machines. In isolation each strategy helps to reduce unexpected machine failure but taken together they form the hub of a proactive maintenance strategy that will not only identify incipient problems but will extend machine operating life considerably.
In each section of this handbook we have used one or two examples of the available methods for measuring the required parameters. We do not suggest that the methods illustrated are the only ones available. For anyone wishing to pursue further the subjects covered here a bibliography of some of the available literature is to be found at the end of this handbook.
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