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Design of Water Hammer Shock Absorber
Abstract:
In the piping system, water hammer or hydraulic shock is a major issue that engineers need to consider. Water hammer is a phenomenon that leads to shock waves in the fluid due to rapid closing and opening of the valve, which can affect pipes, valves and gauges in any water, gas, or oil applications due to the sudden transient event. It is there for every system that has a flow of fluid through pumping such as houses, hospitals, and influences major effectiveness in the power plant. It occurs when there is a pressure difference in the pipeline leading to a loud noise. Specifically, this project is aimed to design a pipeline system and develop solutions to reduce the water hammer using a shock absorber. The main idea of the design project is to design a water hammer system using a shock absorber in order to reduce the shock waves of the pipes.
Design of Water Hammer Shock Absorber
Abstract:
In the piping system, water hammer or hydraulic shock is a major issue that engineers need to consider. Water hammer is a phenomenon that leads to shock waves in the fluid due to rapid closing and opening of the valve, which can affect pipes, valves and gauges in any water, gas, or oil applications due to the sudden transient event. It is there for every system that has a flow of fluid through pumping such as houses, hospitals, and influences major effectiveness in the power plant. It occurs when there is a pressure difference in the pipeline leading to a loud noise. Specifically, this project is aimed to design a pipeline system and develop solutions to reduce the water hammer using a shock absorber. The main idea of the design project is to design a water hammer system using a shock absorber in order to reduce the shock waves of the pipes.
Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality
The primary purpose of the Guidelines for drinking-water quality is the protection of public health. The Guidelines provide the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for managing the risk from hazards that may compromise the safety of drinking-water. The recommendations should be
considered in the context of managing the risk from other sources of exposureto these hazards, such as waste, air, food and consumer products.
Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality
The primary purpose of the Guidelines for drinking-water quality is the protection of public health. The Guidelines provide the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for managing the risk from hazards that may compromise the safety of drinking-water. The recommendations should be
considered in the context of managing the risk from other sources of exposureto these hazards, such as waste, air, food and consumer products.
Design of Water Filter for Third World Countries
Abstract
The residents in third world countries battle against waterborne diseases every day. It is a luxury to have access to safe drinking water. However, it is extremely difficult to invest on a water filter with minimal annual income. A low cost water filter can serve as a subsidy such that every family can take advantage of this luxury. In this thesis, literature reviews on existing water filters have been completed and design of a dual level water filter with ceramic and activated carbon is developed. Water flow rate tests are carried out to optimize water filter design.
Further, the filter effectiveness in diminishing various contaminates is analyzed by a licensed sampling laboratory. A manufacturing line to produce the dual water filters is proposed and the cost of manufacturing a unit is calculated to be $1.53 USD, which is an affordable price for people in third world countries. With a low cost water filter available, residents in the third world countries could enjoy having safe drinking water and improve quality of life.
Design of Water Filter for Third World Countries
Abstract
The residents in third world countries battle against waterborne diseases every day. It is a luxury to have access to safe drinking water. However, it is extremely difficult to invest on a water filter with minimal annual income. A low cost water filter can serve as a subsidy such that every family can take advantage of this luxury. In this thesis, literature reviews on existing water filters have been completed and design of a dual level water filter with ceramic and activated carbon is developed. Water flow rate tests are carried out to optimize water filter design.
Further, the filter effectiveness in diminishing various contaminates is analyzed by a licensed sampling laboratory. A manufacturing line to produce the dual water filters is proposed and the cost of manufacturing a unit is calculated to be $1.53 USD, which is an affordable price for people in third world countries. With a low cost water filter available, residents in the third world countries could enjoy having safe drinking water and improve quality of life.
Design of Reverse Osmosis Process For The Purification Of River Water In The Southern Belt Of Bangladesh
Introduction
Abundance and quality water supply is essential for all living species. Sustainable agriculture and industrial production need steady supply of freshwater. In many parts of the today’s world, desalination plays a vital role for sustaining human habitation besides the existing conventional water treatment technologies. Membrane based RO process has become a popular method to supply the fresh water from seawater and brackish water in different regions. RO (Figure 1) is a pressure driven process which under pressure reverses the flow direction of the solvent (in the opposite direction of osmosis process). Substantial efforts have been made by researchers on freshwater production (Sassi, 2012) and wastewater treatment (Stoller et al., 2016) using the RO. Rapid growth of membrane desalination processes enhanced the removal of ionic contaminants (Sassi and Mujtaba, 2013), pharmaceutical active compounds (Gur-Reznik et al., 2011) and other types of effluents from chemical, petrochemical, electrochemical, food, paper and tanning industries. Demineralised water can be supplied to several industries by treating the saline water using the RO process. However, there are limited studies on the production of demineralised water. Demineralised water is completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals (Kremser et al. 2006) which has total dissolved solids (TDS) as low as 1 mg/l. Kremser et al. (2006) described operating experience on demineralized water plant.
In this work, RO based desalination process is considered using three stages described by (Sassi, 2012) as shown in Figure 1. The plant nominal operating and design parameters (of commercial Film Tec spiral wound RO membrane elements) are taken from Abbas (2005). Firstly, the model prediction is validated against those reported by Sassi and Mujtaba (2010). Secondly, an optimization problem incorporating a process model is formulated to optimize the design and operating parameters in order to minimize specific energy consumption and the results are compared with Sassi (2012). Since those models (Sassi, 2012) are validated for freshwater production, the model parameters such as (water and salt permeability coefficients) needs to be updated for demineralised water. A structure of the RO network is developed based on RO network (two-stage seawater pass and two-stage brackish water pass). Different parameters are updated for the model from the literature.
Design of Reverse Osmosis Process For The Purification Of River Water In The Southern Belt Of Bangladesh
Introduction
Abundance and quality water supply is essential for all living species. Sustainable agriculture and industrial production need steady supply of freshwater. In many parts of the today’s world, desalination plays a vital role for sustaining human habitation besides the existing conventional water treatment technologies. Membrane based RO process has become a popular method to supply the fresh water from seawater and brackish water in different regions. RO (Figure 1) is a pressure driven process which under pressure reverses the flow direction of the solvent (in the opposite direction of osmosis process). Substantial efforts have been made by researchers on freshwater production (Sassi, 2012) and wastewater treatment (Stoller et al., 2016) using the RO. Rapid growth of membrane desalination processes enhanced the removal of ionic contaminants (Sassi and Mujtaba, 2013), pharmaceutical active compounds (Gur-Reznik et al., 2011) and other types of effluents from chemical, petrochemical, electrochemical, food, paper and tanning industries. Demineralised water can be supplied to several industries by treating the saline water using the RO process. However, there are limited studies on the production of demineralised water. Demineralised water is completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals (Kremser et al. 2006) which has total dissolved solids (TDS) as low as 1 mg/l. Kremser et al. (2006) described operating experience on demineralized water plant.
In this work, RO based desalination process is considered using three stages described by (Sassi, 2012) as shown in Figure 1. The plant nominal operating and design parameters (of commercial Film Tec spiral wound RO membrane elements) are taken from Abbas (2005). Firstly, the model prediction is validated against those reported by Sassi and Mujtaba (2010). Secondly, an optimization problem incorporating a process model is formulated to optimize the design and operating parameters in order to minimize specific energy consumption and the results are compared with Sassi (2012). Since those models (Sassi, 2012) are validated for freshwater production, the model parameters such as (water and salt permeability coefficients) needs to be updated for demineralised water. A structure of the RO network is developed based on RO network (two-stage seawater pass and two-stage brackish water pass). Different parameters are updated for the model from the literature.
CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide
Abstract:
The CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide is targeted to a technical design audience. It includes design issues such as selection of coils, application of different piping distribution systems, design and applications of controls, mitigation of low delta-t syndrome, and a myriad of other performance critical issues. It also includes a section on Performance Specifications, which is targeted to equipment specifiers, including engineers and facility purchasing agents. It details methods to request and analyze the performance data of submitted equipment. Topics include zero tolerance performance specifications, applications of witness tests, and performance tables for bid alternates.
CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide
Abstract:
The CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide is targeted to a technical design audience. It includes design issues such as selection of coils, application of different piping distribution systems, design and applications of controls, mitigation of low delta-t syndrome, and a myriad of other performance critical issues. It also includes a section on Performance Specifications, which is targeted to equipment specifiers, including engineers and facility purchasing agents. It details methods to request and analyze the performance data of submitted equipment. Topics include zero tolerance performance specifications, applications of witness tests, and performance tables for bid alternates.
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