Design Criteria Manual

There has been an increasing interest in reuse of wastewater in agriculture over the last few decades due to increased demand for freshwater. Population growth, increased per capita use of water, the demands of industry and of the agricultural sector all put pressure on water resources. Treatment of wastewater provides an effluent of sufficient quality that it should be put to beneficial use and not wasted (Asano, 1998). The reuse of wastewater has been successful for irrigation of a wide array of crops, and increases in crop yields from 10-30% have been reported (cited in Asano, 1998). In addition, the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation and industrial purposes can be used as strategy to release freshwater for domestic use, and to improve the quality of river waters used for abstraction of drinking water (by reducing disposal of effluent into rivers).

With the advances in the membrane technology, there is an ongoing quest to determine the best optimal configuration for an adopted treatment as well as it’s polishing to achieve cumulative sustainability for the treatment process. Henceforth, this thesis report is an evaluation to devise a membrane filtration process for investigating the possibility of treating pre-sedimented municipal wastewater with ceramic ultrafiltration, optimizing the membrane as a pre-treatment for reverse osmosis as an overall strategy for recovering wastewater.

Introduction: This publication is a revised edition of our Design Criteria for Community Public Water Systems. They have been prepared as a guide to water systems, design engineers, and our own staff. There has been no attempt to address every situation. We also know that there will be occasions when these criteria will not apply. Exceptions will be handled on an individual basis. The Tennessee Safe Drinking Water Act of 1983 requires The Department of Environment & Conservation to: "Exercise general supervision over the construction of public water systems throughout the state. Such general supervision shall include all the features of construction of public water systems which do or may affect the sanitary quality or the quantity of the water supply. No new construction shall be done nor shall any change be made in any public water system until the plans for such new construction or change have been submitted and approved by the department." (Extract of part of Section 68-221-706, Tennessee Code) Where the terms shall and must are used, it is intended to be a mandatory requirement. Other terms such as should, recommend, preferred, and the like, are intended to show desirable equipment, procedures, or methods. We encourage development of new methods and equipment. However, any new developments must be demonstrated to be satisfactory before we can approve their use. Operating data from other installations, or demonstration of the equipment by a manufacturer's representative, or both, may be needed for our review. These criteria are a compilation of information from a number of sources. The principle source, however, is Recommended Standards for Water Works, 1982 Edition. This publication is a report of "The Committee of the Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers" and is commonly known as Ten-State Standards.

Introduction The purpose of producing this handbook is to provide basic information and guidelines for the implementation of good shaft alignment, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing practice for standard rotating machines systems. Laser alignment, dynamic balancing and condition monitoring are essential components of a viable maintenance strategy for rotating machines. In isolation each strategy helps to reduce unexpected machine failure but taken together they form the hub of a proactive maintenance strategy that will not only identify incipient problems but will extend machine operating life considerably. In each section of this handbook we have used one or two examples of the available methods for measuring the required parameters. We do not suggest that the methods illustrated are the only ones available. For anyone wishing to pursue further the subjects covered here a bibliography of some of the available literature is to be found at the end of this handbook.