Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams per ACI 318-02
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Design of Reverse Osmosis Process For The Purification Of River Water In The Southern Belt Of Bangladesh
Introduction
Abundance and quality water supply is essential for all living species. Sustainable agriculture and industrial production need steady supply of freshwater. In many parts of the today’s world, desalination plays a vital role for sustaining human habitation besides the existing conventional water treatment technologies. Membrane based RO process has become a popular method to supply the fresh water from seawater and brackish water in different regions. RO (Figure 1) is a pressure driven process which under pressure reverses the flow direction of the solvent (in the opposite direction of osmosis process). Substantial efforts have been made by researchers on freshwater production (Sassi, 2012) and wastewater treatment (Stoller et al., 2016) using the RO. Rapid growth of membrane desalination processes enhanced the removal of ionic contaminants (Sassi and Mujtaba, 2013), pharmaceutical active compounds (Gur-Reznik et al., 2011) and other types of effluents from chemical, petrochemical, electrochemical, food, paper and tanning industries. Demineralised water can be supplied to several industries by treating the saline water using the RO process. However, there are limited studies on the production of demineralised water. Demineralised water is completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals (Kremser et al. 2006) which has total dissolved solids (TDS) as low as 1 mg/l. Kremser et al. (2006) described operating experience on demineralized water plant.
In this work, RO based desalination process is considered using three stages described by (Sassi, 2012) as shown in Figure 1. The plant nominal operating and design parameters (of commercial Film Tec spiral wound RO membrane elements) are taken from Abbas (2005). Firstly, the model prediction is validated against those reported by Sassi and Mujtaba (2010). Secondly, an optimization problem incorporating a process model is formulated to optimize the design and operating parameters in order to minimize specific energy consumption and the results are compared with Sassi (2012). Since those models (Sassi, 2012) are validated for freshwater production, the model parameters such as (water and salt permeability coefficients) needs to be updated for demineralised water. A structure of the RO network is developed based on RO network (two-stage seawater pass and two-stage brackish water pass). Different parameters are updated for the model from the literature.
Design of Reverse Osmosis Process For The Purification Of River Water In The Southern Belt Of Bangladesh
Introduction
Abundance and quality water supply is essential for all living species. Sustainable agriculture and industrial production need steady supply of freshwater. In many parts of the today’s world, desalination plays a vital role for sustaining human habitation besides the existing conventional water treatment technologies. Membrane based RO process has become a popular method to supply the fresh water from seawater and brackish water in different regions. RO (Figure 1) is a pressure driven process which under pressure reverses the flow direction of the solvent (in the opposite direction of osmosis process). Substantial efforts have been made by researchers on freshwater production (Sassi, 2012) and wastewater treatment (Stoller et al., 2016) using the RO. Rapid growth of membrane desalination processes enhanced the removal of ionic contaminants (Sassi and Mujtaba, 2013), pharmaceutical active compounds (Gur-Reznik et al., 2011) and other types of effluents from chemical, petrochemical, electrochemical, food, paper and tanning industries. Demineralised water can be supplied to several industries by treating the saline water using the RO process. However, there are limited studies on the production of demineralised water. Demineralised water is completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals (Kremser et al. 2006) which has total dissolved solids (TDS) as low as 1 mg/l. Kremser et al. (2006) described operating experience on demineralized water plant.
In this work, RO based desalination process is considered using three stages described by (Sassi, 2012) as shown in Figure 1. The plant nominal operating and design parameters (of commercial Film Tec spiral wound RO membrane elements) are taken from Abbas (2005). Firstly, the model prediction is validated against those reported by Sassi and Mujtaba (2010). Secondly, an optimization problem incorporating a process model is formulated to optimize the design and operating parameters in order to minimize specific energy consumption and the results are compared with Sassi (2012). Since those models (Sassi, 2012) are validated for freshwater production, the model parameters such as (water and salt permeability coefficients) needs to be updated for demineralised water. A structure of the RO network is developed based on RO network (two-stage seawater pass and two-stage brackish water pass). Different parameters are updated for the model from the literature.
Chapter 3. Activated Carbon Columns Plant Design
Maybe, the first question that we have to ask ourselves is related to the decision of an adsorprtion process using activated carbon for the removal of micro pollutants is efficient. The theory says that the adsorbability of an organic molecule increases with increasing molecular weight and decreasing solubility and polarity. This means that high molecular weight compounds with low solubility, such as most pesticides, are well adsorbed, so the first idea is plenty justified.
Chapter 3. Activated Carbon Columns Plant Design
Maybe, the first question that we have to ask ourselves is related to the decision of an adsorprtion process using activated carbon for the removal of micro pollutants is efficient. The theory says that the adsorbability of an organic molecule increases with increasing molecular weight and decreasing solubility and polarity. This means that high molecular weight compounds with low solubility, such as most pesticides, are well adsorbed, so the first idea is plenty justified.
Chilled Water Plant Design Guide
Introduction:
Many large buildings, campuses, and other facilities have plants that make chilled water and distribute it to air handling units and other cooling equipment. The design operation and maintenance of these chilled water plants has a very large impact on building energy use and energy operating cost. Not only do chilled water plants use very significant amounts of electricity (as well as gas in some cases), they also significantly contribute to the peak load of buildings. The utility grid in California, and in many other areas of the country, experiences its maximum peak on hot summer days. During this peak event, chilled water plants are often running at maximum capacity. When temperatures are moderate, chilled water plants are shut down or operated in stand-by mode. This variation in the rate of energy use is a major contributor to the peaks and valleys in energy demand, which is one of the problems that must be addressed by utility grid managers. Most buildings and facilities that have chilled water plants have special utility rates where the cost of electricity depends on when it is used and the maximum rate of use. For instance, PG&E has five time charge periods: summer on-peak, summer mid-peak, summer off-peak, winter mid-peak and winter off-peak. The price of electricity is several times higher during the summer on-peak than it is during the off-peak periods. Not only does the cost of electricity vary, but most utility rates also have a monthly demand charge based on the maximum rate of electricity use for the billing period. Since chilled water plants operate more intensely during the summer peak period, efficiency gains and peak reductions can result in very large utility bill savings. In addition to new construction, the chilled water plants of many existing buildings are being replaced or overhauled. Older chilled water plants have equipment that uses ozone-damaging refrigerants. International treaties, in particular the Montreal Protocol, call for ozone damaging chemicals (in particular CFCs) to be phased out of production. As the availability of CFCs is reduced, the price will skyrocket, creating pressure for chilled water plants to be overhauled or replaced.
Chilled Water Plant Design Guide
Introduction:
Many large buildings, campuses, and other facilities have plants that make chilled water and distribute it to air handling units and other cooling equipment. The design operation and maintenance of these chilled water plants has a very large impact on building energy use and energy operating cost. Not only do chilled water plants use very significant amounts of electricity (as well as gas in some cases), they also significantly contribute to the peak load of buildings. The utility grid in California, and in many other areas of the country, experiences its maximum peak on hot summer days. During this peak event, chilled water plants are often running at maximum capacity. When temperatures are moderate, chilled water plants are shut down or operated in stand-by mode. This variation in the rate of energy use is a major contributor to the peaks and valleys in energy demand, which is one of the problems that must be addressed by utility grid managers. Most buildings and facilities that have chilled water plants have special utility rates where the cost of electricity depends on when it is used and the maximum rate of use. For instance, PG&E has five time charge periods: summer on-peak, summer mid-peak, summer off-peak, winter mid-peak and winter off-peak. The price of electricity is several times higher during the summer on-peak than it is during the off-peak periods. Not only does the cost of electricity vary, but most utility rates also have a monthly demand charge based on the maximum rate of electricity use for the billing period. Since chilled water plants operate more intensely during the summer peak period, efficiency gains and peak reductions can result in very large utility bill savings. In addition to new construction, the chilled water plants of many existing buildings are being replaced or overhauled. Older chilled water plants have equipment that uses ozone-damaging refrigerants. International treaties, in particular the Montreal Protocol, call for ozone damaging chemicals (in particular CFCs) to be phased out of production. As the availability of CFCs is reduced, the price will skyrocket, creating pressure for chilled water plants to be overhauled or replaced.
Small Wastewater Treatment Works DPW Design Guidelines
This document’s purpose is to direct the design process for designing the best and most Appropriate wastewater process for effluent which is generated by small scale on site operations, Up to 100 m3/day such as police stations, border posts, DOJ etc. Larger plants are also addressed To some extent. In this manual, the best appropriate process for such small waste water treatment Plants has already been identified as the Rotating Biological Contactors (biodiscs) systems and Biological trickling filters (biofiters) for larger quantities. Consultants designing such plants for The DPW need to take cognizance of all the criteria set out herein and must ensure that apart from That the best available practices as regards such processes are incorporated into the design. The Designers of such plants are however still to consider other alternatives if the circumstances so Dictate.
Small Wastewater Treatment Works DPW Design Guidelines
This document’s purpose is to direct the design process for designing the best and most Appropriate wastewater process for effluent which is generated by small scale on site operations, Up to 100 m3/day such as police stations, border posts, DOJ etc. Larger plants are also addressed To some extent. In this manual, the best appropriate process for such small waste water treatment Plants has already been identified as the Rotating Biological Contactors (biodiscs) systems and Biological trickling filters (biofiters) for larger quantities. Consultants designing such plants for The DPW need to take cognizance of all the criteria set out herein and must ensure that apart from That the best available practices as regards such processes are incorporated into the design. The Designers of such plants are however still to consider other alternatives if the circumstances so Dictate.
CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide
Abstract:
The CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide is targeted to a technical design audience. It includes design issues such as selection of coils, application of different piping distribution systems, design and applications of controls, mitigation of low delta-t syndrome, and a myriad of other performance critical issues. It also includes a section on Performance Specifications, which is targeted to equipment specifiers, including engineers and facility purchasing agents. It details methods to request and analyze the performance data of submitted equipment. Topics include zero tolerance performance specifications, applications of witness tests, and performance tables for bid alternates.
CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide
Abstract:
The CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide is targeted to a technical design audience. It includes design issues such as selection of coils, application of different piping distribution systems, design and applications of controls, mitigation of low delta-t syndrome, and a myriad of other performance critical issues. It also includes a section on Performance Specifications, which is targeted to equipment specifiers, including engineers and facility purchasing agents. It details methods to request and analyze the performance data of submitted equipment. Topics include zero tolerance performance specifications, applications of witness tests, and performance tables for bid alternates.
Design of Water Filter for Third World Countries
Abstract
The residents in third world countries battle against waterborne diseases every day. It is a luxury to have access to safe drinking water. However, it is extremely difficult to invest on a water filter with minimal annual income. A low cost water filter can serve as a subsidy such that every family can take advantage of this luxury. In this thesis, literature reviews on existing water filters have been completed and design of a dual level water filter with ceramic and activated carbon is developed. Water flow rate tests are carried out to optimize water filter design.
Further, the filter effectiveness in diminishing various contaminates is analyzed by a licensed sampling laboratory. A manufacturing line to produce the dual water filters is proposed and the cost of manufacturing a unit is calculated to be $1.53 USD, which is an affordable price for people in third world countries. With a low cost water filter available, residents in the third world countries could enjoy having safe drinking water and improve quality of life.
Design of Water Filter for Third World Countries
Abstract
The residents in third world countries battle against waterborne diseases every day. It is a luxury to have access to safe drinking water. However, it is extremely difficult to invest on a water filter with minimal annual income. A low cost water filter can serve as a subsidy such that every family can take advantage of this luxury. In this thesis, literature reviews on existing water filters have been completed and design of a dual level water filter with ceramic and activated carbon is developed. Water flow rate tests are carried out to optimize water filter design.
Further, the filter effectiveness in diminishing various contaminates is analyzed by a licensed sampling laboratory. A manufacturing line to produce the dual water filters is proposed and the cost of manufacturing a unit is calculated to be $1.53 USD, which is an affordable price for people in third world countries. With a low cost water filter available, residents in the third world countries could enjoy having safe drinking water and improve quality of life.
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