Design of Water Hammer Shock Absorber
Abstract:
In the piping system, water hammer or hydraulic shock is a major issue that engineers need to consider. Water hammer is a phenomenon that leads to shock waves in the fluid due to rapid closing and opening of the valve, which can affect pipes, valves and gauges in any water, gas, or oil applications due to the sudden transient event. It is there for every system that has a flow of fluid through pumping such as houses, hospitals, and influences major effectiveness in the power plant. It occurs when there is a pressure difference in the pipeline leading to a loud noise. Specifically, this project is aimed to design a pipeline system and develop solutions to reduce the water hammer using a shock absorber. The main idea of the design project is to design a water hammer system using a shock absorber in order to reduce the shock waves of the pipes.
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Design Characteristics For Evaporation Ponds In Wyoming
ABSTRACT:
Information for the design of evaporation ponds in Wyoming has been developed. The suitability of various models for estimating evaporation and its variability was investigated while the spatial and temporal variabilities of net evaporation at seven locations were described. A routing procedure was developed to analyze the effects of uncertainty in net evaporation estimates on the probability of pond failure. Comparison of equations which estimate evaporation using climatological data showed that the equations vary greatly in their ability to define the variability of evaporation. The Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation provided monthly and annual evaporation estimates having statistics resembling those of
measured pan data closer than any of seven other equations tested. The equation requires temperature, radiation, wind, and humidity data as inputs. The Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation using climatic data extrapolated from nearby stations provided better definition of the variability of evaporation than did equations requiring only on-site temperature data. However, results indicate that extreme care must be taken in selecting the stations from which data will be extrapolated. Monthly and annual means, standard deviations, and highest and lowest evaporation and net evaporation values have been calculated for seven Wyoming stations. The year-to-year and spatial variation of evaporation and/or net evaporation in Wyoming was shown to be great enough to cause serious problems in defining rates for evaporation pond designs. Several factors were shown to exist which might produce uncertainties in any estimate of evaporation. The routing procedure was applied to analyze the effects of these uncertainties and variations. Results indicate that the liquid depth of an evaporation pond depends greatly on evaporation rates and maintenance of minimum liquid depths without pond overflow is very difficult.
Design Characteristics For Evaporation Ponds In Wyoming
ABSTRACT:
Information for the design of evaporation ponds in Wyoming has been developed. The suitability of various models for estimating evaporation and its variability was investigated while the spatial and temporal variabilities of net evaporation at seven locations were described. A routing procedure was developed to analyze the effects of uncertainty in net evaporation estimates on the probability of pond failure. Comparison of equations which estimate evaporation using climatological data showed that the equations vary greatly in their ability to define the variability of evaporation. The Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation provided monthly and annual evaporation estimates having statistics resembling those of
measured pan data closer than any of seven other equations tested. The equation requires temperature, radiation, wind, and humidity data as inputs. The Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation using climatic data extrapolated from nearby stations provided better definition of the variability of evaporation than did equations requiring only on-site temperature data. However, results indicate that extreme care must be taken in selecting the stations from which data will be extrapolated. Monthly and annual means, standard deviations, and highest and lowest evaporation and net evaporation values have been calculated for seven Wyoming stations. The year-to-year and spatial variation of evaporation and/or net evaporation in Wyoming was shown to be great enough to cause serious problems in defining rates for evaporation pond designs. Several factors were shown to exist which might produce uncertainties in any estimate of evaporation. The routing procedure was applied to analyze the effects of these uncertainties and variations. Results indicate that the liquid depth of an evaporation pond depends greatly on evaporation rates and maintenance of minimum liquid depths without pond overflow is very difficult.
An Engineers Guide to Shaft Alignment, Vibration Analysis, Dynamic Balancing & Wear Debris Analysis
Introduction
The purpose of producing this handbook is to provide basic information and guidelines for the implementation of good shaft alignment, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing practice for standard rotating machines systems.
Laser alignment, dynamic balancing and condition monitoring are essential components of a viable maintenance strategy for rotating machines. In isolation each strategy helps to reduce unexpected machine failure but taken together they form the hub of a proactive maintenance strategy that will not only identify incipient problems but will extend machine operating life considerably.
In each section of this handbook we have used one or two examples of the available methods for measuring the required parameters. We do not suggest that the methods illustrated are the only ones available. For anyone wishing to pursue further the subjects covered here a bibliography of some of the available literature is to be found at the end of this handbook.
An Engineers Guide to Shaft Alignment, Vibration Analysis, Dynamic Balancing & Wear Debris Analysis
Introduction
The purpose of producing this handbook is to provide basic information and guidelines for the implementation of good shaft alignment, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing practice for standard rotating machines systems.
Laser alignment, dynamic balancing and condition monitoring are essential components of a viable maintenance strategy for rotating machines. In isolation each strategy helps to reduce unexpected machine failure but taken together they form the hub of a proactive maintenance strategy that will not only identify incipient problems but will extend machine operating life considerably.
In each section of this handbook we have used one or two examples of the available methods for measuring the required parameters. We do not suggest that the methods illustrated are the only ones available. For anyone wishing to pursue further the subjects covered here a bibliography of some of the available literature is to be found at the end of this handbook.
IMS Design Quick Start Guide
The IMSDesign Quick Start Guide contains information about how you can install the Integrated Membrane System Design (IMSDesign) application. Additionally, this guide contains detailed information about setting the options related to different modules of the application.
IMS Design Quick Start Guide
The IMSDesign Quick Start Guide contains information about how you can install the Integrated Membrane System Design (IMSDesign) application. Additionally, this guide contains detailed information about setting the options related to different modules of the application.
Guidelines For Wastewater Reuse In Agriculture And Aquaculture
There has been an increasing interest in reuse of wastewater in agriculture over the last few decades due to increased demand for freshwater. Population growth, increased per capita use of water, the demands of industry and of the agricultural sector all put pressure on water resources. Treatment of wastewater provides an effluent of sufficient quality that it should be put to beneficial use and not wasted (Asano, 1998). The reuse of wastewater has been
successful for irrigation of a wide array of crops, and increases in crop yields from 10-30% have been reported (cited in Asano, 1998). In addition, the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation and industrial purposes can be used as strategy to release freshwater for domestic use, and to improve the quality of river waters used for abstraction of drinking water (by reducing disposal of effluent into rivers).
Guidelines For Wastewater Reuse In Agriculture And Aquaculture
There has been an increasing interest in reuse of wastewater in agriculture over the last few decades due to increased demand for freshwater. Population growth, increased per capita use of water, the demands of industry and of the agricultural sector all put pressure on water resources. Treatment of wastewater provides an effluent of sufficient quality that it should be put to beneficial use and not wasted (Asano, 1998). The reuse of wastewater has been
successful for irrigation of a wide array of crops, and increases in crop yields from 10-30% have been reported (cited in Asano, 1998). In addition, the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation and industrial purposes can be used as strategy to release freshwater for domestic use, and to improve the quality of river waters used for abstraction of drinking water (by reducing disposal of effluent into rivers).
Design of Sanitary Sewers
Introduction:
Sewer systems are essential for the public health and welfare in all areas of concentrated population and development. Every community produces water‐borne wastes of domestic, commercial, and industrial origin. Sewers perform the virtually needed functions of collecting these wastes and conveying them to points of discharge or disposal.
Design of Sanitary Sewers
Introduction:
Sewer systems are essential for the public health and welfare in all areas of concentrated population and development. Every community produces water‐borne wastes of domestic, commercial, and industrial origin. Sewers perform the virtually needed functions of collecting these wastes and conveying them to points of discharge or disposal.
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