Determination Of Phenolic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals And Acidic Pharmaceuticals In Surface Water Of The Pearl Rivers In South China By Gas Chromatography–Negative Chemical Ionization–Mass Spectrometry
Source: https://www.elsevier.com
Author: Jian-Liang Zhao, Guang-Guo Ying, Li Wang, Ji-Feng Yang, Xiao-Bing Yang, Li-Hua Yang, Xu Li
Many evidences have emerged showing that some chemicals (e.g. nonylphenol, bisphenol-A and natural estrogens) in effluents and river water at certain concentrations can cause disruption to endocrine systems and can also affect hormonal control of development in aquatic organisms and wildlife.
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Calibration And Verification Of The Hydraulic Model For Blue Nile River from Roseries Dam To Khartoum City
ABSTRACT:
This research represents a practical attempt applied to calibrate and verify a hydraulic model for the Blue Nile River. The calibration procedures are performed using the observed data for a previous period and comparing them with the calibration results while verification requirements are achieved with the application of the observed data for another future period and comparing them with the verification results. The study objective covered a relationship of the river terrain with the distance between the assumed points of the dam failures along the river length. The computed model values and the observed data should conform to the theoretical analysis and the overall verification performance of the model by comparing it with another set of data. The model was calibrated using data from gauging stations (Khartoum, Wad Medani, downstream Sennar, and downstream Roseires) during the period from the 1st of May to 31 of October 1988 and the verification was done using the data of the same gauging stations for years 2003 and 2010 for the same period. The required available data from these stations were collected, processed and used in the model calibration. The geometry input files for the HEC-RAS models were created using a combination of ArcGIS and HEC-GeoRAS. The results revealed high correlation (R2 ˃ 0.9) between the observed and calibrated water levels in all gauging stations during 1988 and also high correlation between the observed and verification water levels was obtained in years 2003 and 2010. Verification results with the equation and degree of correlation can be used to predict future data of any expected data for the same stations.
Calibration And Verification Of The Hydraulic Model For Blue Nile River from Roseries Dam To Khartoum City
ABSTRACT:
This research represents a practical attempt applied to calibrate and verify a hydraulic model for the Blue Nile River. The calibration procedures are performed using the observed data for a previous period and comparing them with the calibration results while verification requirements are achieved with the application of the observed data for another future period and comparing them with the verification results. The study objective covered a relationship of the river terrain with the distance between the assumed points of the dam failures along the river length. The computed model values and the observed data should conform to the theoretical analysis and the overall verification performance of the model by comparing it with another set of data. The model was calibrated using data from gauging stations (Khartoum, Wad Medani, downstream Sennar, and downstream Roseires) during the period from the 1st of May to 31 of October 1988 and the verification was done using the data of the same gauging stations for years 2003 and 2010 for the same period. The required available data from these stations were collected, processed and used in the model calibration. The geometry input files for the HEC-RAS models were created using a combination of ArcGIS and HEC-GeoRAS. The results revealed high correlation (R2 ˃ 0.9) between the observed and calibrated water levels in all gauging stations during 1988 and also high correlation between the observed and verification water levels was obtained in years 2003 and 2010. Verification results with the equation and degree of correlation can be used to predict future data of any expected data for the same stations.
Artificial Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Groundwater Quality
The present article delves into the examination of groundwater quality, based on WQI, for drinking purposes in Baghdad City. Further, for carrying out the investigation, the data was collected from the Ministry of Water Resources of Baghdad, which represents water samples drawn from 114 wells in Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa sides of Baghdad city. With the aim of further determining WQI, four water parameters such as (i) pH, (ii) Chloride (Cl), (iii) Sulfate (SO4), and (iv) Total dissolved solids (TDS), were taken into consideration. Additionally, to anticipate changes in groundwater WQI, IBM® SPSS® Statistics 19 software (SPSS) was used to develop an artificial neural network model (ANNM). With the application of this ANNM model, the results obtained illustrated high prediction efficiency, as the sum of squares error functions (for training and testing samples) and coefficient of determination (R2), were found to be (0.038 and 0.005) and 0.973, respectively.
Artificial Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Groundwater Quality
The present article delves into the examination of groundwater quality, based on WQI, for drinking purposes in Baghdad City. Further, for carrying out the investigation, the data was collected from the Ministry of Water Resources of Baghdad, which represents water samples drawn from 114 wells in Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa sides of Baghdad city. With the aim of further determining WQI, four water parameters such as (i) pH, (ii) Chloride (Cl), (iii) Sulfate (SO4), and (iv) Total dissolved solids (TDS), were taken into consideration. Additionally, to anticipate changes in groundwater WQI, IBM® SPSS® Statistics 19 software (SPSS) was used to develop an artificial neural network model (ANNM). With the application of this ANNM model, the results obtained illustrated high prediction efficiency, as the sum of squares error functions (for training and testing samples) and coefficient of determination (R2), were found to be (0.038 and 0.005) and 0.973, respectively.
Removal Of Polar Organic Micropollutants By Pilot-Scale Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment
Abstract : The robustness of reverse osmosis (RO) against polar organic micropollutants (MPs) was investigated in
pilot-scale drinking water treatment. Experiments were carried in hypoxic conditions to treat a raw anaerobic riverbank filtrate spiked with a mixture of thirty model compounds. The chemicals were selected from scientific literature data based on their relevance for the quality of freshwater systems, RO permeate and drinking water. MPs passage and the influence of permeate flux were evaluated with a typical low-pressure RO membrane and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. A strong inverse correlation between size and passage of neutral hydrophilic compounds was observed. This correlation was weaker for moderately hydrophobic MPs. Anionic MPs displayed nearly no passage due to electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged membrane surface,
whereas breakthrough of small cationic MPs could be observed. The passage figures observed for the investigated set of MPs ranged from less than 1%e25%. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between physicochemical properties and passage. The effects of permeate flux were more pronounced for small neutral MPs, which displayed a higher passage after a pressure drop.
Removal Of Polar Organic Micropollutants By Pilot-Scale Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment
Abstract : The robustness of reverse osmosis (RO) against polar organic micropollutants (MPs) was investigated in
pilot-scale drinking water treatment. Experiments were carried in hypoxic conditions to treat a raw anaerobic riverbank filtrate spiked with a mixture of thirty model compounds. The chemicals were selected from scientific literature data based on their relevance for the quality of freshwater systems, RO permeate and drinking water. MPs passage and the influence of permeate flux were evaluated with a typical low-pressure RO membrane and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. A strong inverse correlation between size and passage of neutral hydrophilic compounds was observed. This correlation was weaker for moderately hydrophobic MPs. Anionic MPs displayed nearly no passage due to electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged membrane surface,
whereas breakthrough of small cationic MPs could be observed. The passage figures observed for the investigated set of MPs ranged from less than 1%e25%. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between physicochemical properties and passage. The effects of permeate flux were more pronounced for small neutral MPs, which displayed a higher passage after a pressure drop.
Analysis of the Flux Performance of Different RO/NF Membranes in the Treatment of Agroindustrial Wastewater by Means of the Boundary Flux Theory
Abstract:
Dynamic membrane system behaviour must be adequately addressed to avoid process unfeasibility. The lack of proper analysis will mean relying on erroneous permeate flux values in the system design, which will lead to quick and/or steady high fouling rates. In this paper, the authors present additional data supporting the boundary flux theory as a helpful tool for membrane engineers to carefully avoid process failures. By fitting the dynamic permeate flux data to the
boundary flux model, it was possible to calculate the β fouling index for the three selected membranes (one nanofiltration (NF) and two reverse osmosis (RO) ones). The dynamic flux given by the low-pressure RO membrane did not follow sub-boundary operating conditions, since a sharp flux loss was measured throughout the whole operating cycle, pinpointing that supra-boundary flux conditions were governing the system. This was supported by the calculated value of the β fouling parameter, which resulted to be in the order of ten times higher for this membrane. However, the values of β→0 for the SC-RO and DK-NF ones, supported by the very low value of the sub-boundary fouling parameter α (0.002 and 0.007 L·h −1·m−2 ·bar−2 , respectively), ensure nearly boundary operating conditions for these membranes.
Analysis of the Flux Performance of Different RO/NF Membranes in the Treatment of Agroindustrial Wastewater by Means of the Boundary Flux Theory
Abstract:
Dynamic membrane system behaviour must be adequately addressed to avoid process unfeasibility. The lack of proper analysis will mean relying on erroneous permeate flux values in the system design, which will lead to quick and/or steady high fouling rates. In this paper, the authors present additional data supporting the boundary flux theory as a helpful tool for membrane engineers to carefully avoid process failures. By fitting the dynamic permeate flux data to the
boundary flux model, it was possible to calculate the β fouling index for the three selected membranes (one nanofiltration (NF) and two reverse osmosis (RO) ones). The dynamic flux given by the low-pressure RO membrane did not follow sub-boundary operating conditions, since a sharp flux loss was measured throughout the whole operating cycle, pinpointing that supra-boundary flux conditions were governing the system. This was supported by the calculated value of the β fouling parameter, which resulted to be in the order of ten times higher for this membrane. However, the values of β→0 for the SC-RO and DK-NF ones, supported by the very low value of the sub-boundary fouling parameter α (0.002 and 0.007 L·h −1·m−2 ·bar−2 , respectively), ensure nearly boundary operating conditions for these membranes.
Adsorption Characteristics of Multi-Metal Ions by Red Mud, Zeolite, Limestone and Oyster Shell
Abstract
In this study, the performance of different adsorbents—red clay, zeolite, limestone, and oyster shell—for adsorption of polymetallic ions (Cr3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, As3+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) were investigated from aqueous solutions.
Adsorption Characteristics of Multi-Metal Ions by Red Mud, Zeolite, Limestone and Oyster Shell
Abstract
In this study, the performance of different adsorbents—red clay, zeolite, limestone, and oyster shell—for adsorption of polymetallic ions (Cr3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, As3+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) were investigated from aqueous solutions.
Desalination Technology in South Korea: A Comprehensive Review of Technology Trends and Future Outlook
Abstract:
Due to advances in desalination technology, desalination has been considered as a practical method to meet the increasing global fresh water demand. This paper explores the status of the desalination industry and research work in South Korea. Desalination plant designs, statistics, and
the roadmap for desalination research were analyzed. To reduce energy consumption in desalination, seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) has been intensively investigated. Recently, alternative desalination technologies, including forward osmosis, pressure-retarded osmosis, membrane distillation, capacitive deionization, renewable-energy-powered desalination, and desalination batteries have also been actively studied. Related major consortium-based desalination research projects and their pilot plants suggest insights into lowering the energy consumption of desalination and mitigation of the environmental impact of SWRO brine as well. Finally, considerations concerning further development are suggested based on the current status of desalination technology in South Korea.
Desalination Technology in South Korea: A Comprehensive Review of Technology Trends and Future Outlook
Abstract:
Due to advances in desalination technology, desalination has been considered as a practical method to meet the increasing global fresh water demand. This paper explores the status of the desalination industry and research work in South Korea. Desalination plant designs, statistics, and
the roadmap for desalination research were analyzed. To reduce energy consumption in desalination, seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) has been intensively investigated. Recently, alternative desalination technologies, including forward osmosis, pressure-retarded osmosis, membrane distillation, capacitive deionization, renewable-energy-powered desalination, and desalination batteries have also been actively studied. Related major consortium-based desalination research projects and their pilot plants suggest insights into lowering the energy consumption of desalination and mitigation of the environmental impact of SWRO brine as well. Finally, considerations concerning further development are suggested based on the current status of desalination technology in South Korea.
A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies
Abstract: Desalination is commonly adopted nowadays to overcome the freshwater scarcity in
some areas of the world if brackish water or salt water is available. Different kinds of technologies
have been proposed in the last century. In this paper, the state of the mainstream solutions is
reported, showing the current commercial technologies like reverse osmosis (RO), Multi-Stages Flash
desalination (MSF) and Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and the new frontiers of the research with
the aim of exploiting renewable sources such as wind, solar and biomass energy. In these cases,
seawater treatment plants are the same as traditional ones, with the only difference being that they
use a renewable energy source. Thus, classifications are firstly introduced, considering the working
principles, the main energy input required for the treatment, and the potential for coupling with
renewable energy sources. Each technology is described in detail, showing how the process works
and reporting some data on the state of development. Finally, a statistical analysis is given concerning
the spread of the various technologies across the world and which of them are most exploited. In this
section, an important energy and exergy analysis is also addressed to quantify energy losses.
A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies
Abstract: Desalination is commonly adopted nowadays to overcome the freshwater scarcity in
some areas of the world if brackish water or salt water is available. Different kinds of technologies
have been proposed in the last century. In this paper, the state of the mainstream solutions is
reported, showing the current commercial technologies like reverse osmosis (RO), Multi-Stages Flash
desalination (MSF) and Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and the new frontiers of the research with
the aim of exploiting renewable sources such as wind, solar and biomass energy. In these cases,
seawater treatment plants are the same as traditional ones, with the only difference being that they
use a renewable energy source. Thus, classifications are firstly introduced, considering the working
principles, the main energy input required for the treatment, and the potential for coupling with
renewable energy sources. Each technology is described in detail, showing how the process works
and reporting some data on the state of development. Finally, a statistical analysis is given concerning
the spread of the various technologies across the world and which of them are most exploited. In this
section, an important energy and exergy analysis is also addressed to quantify energy losses.
Correlating BOD5 and COD of Sewage in Wastewater Treatment Plants Case Study Al- Diwaniyah WWTP in Iraq
ABSTRACT
This study aims to establish an empirical correlation between biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the sewage flowing in Al-Diwaniyah wastewater treatment plant. The strength of the wastewater entering the plant varied from medium to high. High concentrations of BOD5 and COD in the effluent were obtained due to the poor performance of the plant. This was observed from the BOD5 /COD ratios that did not confirm with the typical ratios for the treated sewage. To improve the performance of this plant, regression equations for BOD5 and COD removal percentages were suggested which can be used to facilitate rapid effluent assessment or optimal process control. The equations relating the percentage removal of BOD5(y) with influent BOD5(x), y= 0.044x + 80.66 and the percentage removal of COD (y) with influent COD (x), y= 0.045x + 55.15 were found with high correlation R2 =0.72 and 0.86 respectively. Key words: Sewage treatment, BOD5, COD, BOD5/COD ratio, BOD5&COD correlations
Correlating BOD5 and COD of Sewage in Wastewater Treatment Plants Case Study Al- Diwaniyah WWTP in Iraq
ABSTRACT
This study aims to establish an empirical correlation between biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the sewage flowing in Al-Diwaniyah wastewater treatment plant. The strength of the wastewater entering the plant varied from medium to high. High concentrations of BOD5 and COD in the effluent were obtained due to the poor performance of the plant. This was observed from the BOD5 /COD ratios that did not confirm with the typical ratios for the treated sewage. To improve the performance of this plant, regression equations for BOD5 and COD removal percentages were suggested which can be used to facilitate rapid effluent assessment or optimal process control. The equations relating the percentage removal of BOD5(y) with influent BOD5(x), y= 0.044x + 80.66 and the percentage removal of COD (y) with influent COD (x), y= 0.045x + 55.15 were found with high correlation R2 =0.72 and 0.86 respectively. Key words: Sewage treatment, BOD5, COD, BOD5/COD ratio, BOD5&COD correlations
A Review of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Control Strategies
Introduction
This paper reviews membrane contamination and dirt Control strategies, focusing on the latest developments.
The first goal From this paper is to illustrate the types of dirt.
The second goal is To discuss the latest pollution mitigation strategies, including pre-treatment, monitoring, cleaning, and surface modification as well as updates.
A Review of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Control Strategies
Introduction
This paper reviews membrane contamination and dirt Control strategies, focusing on the latest developments.
The first goal From this paper is to illustrate the types of dirt.
The second goal is To discuss the latest pollution mitigation strategies, including pre-treatment, monitoring, cleaning, and surface modification as well as updates.
Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Water and Wastewater Management: The Case Study of Japan
Abstract:
The integration of artificial intelligence into various aspects of daily life is developing at a rapid pace in Japan. Discussions to govern applications of artificial intelligence to the field of social infrastructure are also critical and need to match the rapid pace of development. However, the legal implications and risks of applying artificial intelligence to the management of lifelines such as drinking water supply and wastewater treatment have not yet been fully explored. This paper reviews the existing legislations and ongoing discussions on governance regarding applications of artificial intelligence to water and wastewater management. Based on the review, we discuss the ability of legislative frameworks in Japan to respond to the applications of artificial intelligence, as well as identifying potential gaps and challenges thereof, including access to accurate data, demarcation of rights and responsibilities, risk hedging and risk management, monitoring and evaluation, and handling of intellectual property rights. This paper concludes with key recommendations to national and local governments to support the application of artificial intelligence in the field of water and wastewater.
Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Water and Wastewater Management: The Case Study of Japan
Abstract:
The integration of artificial intelligence into various aspects of daily life is developing at a rapid pace in Japan. Discussions to govern applications of artificial intelligence to the field of social infrastructure are also critical and need to match the rapid pace of development. However, the legal implications and risks of applying artificial intelligence to the management of lifelines such as drinking water supply and wastewater treatment have not yet been fully explored. This paper reviews the existing legislations and ongoing discussions on governance regarding applications of artificial intelligence to water and wastewater management. Based on the review, we discuss the ability of legislative frameworks in Japan to respond to the applications of artificial intelligence, as well as identifying potential gaps and challenges thereof, including access to accurate data, demarcation of rights and responsibilities, risk hedging and risk management, monitoring and evaluation, and handling of intellectual property rights. This paper concludes with key recommendations to national and local governments to support the application of artificial intelligence in the field of water and wastewater.
Fouling and Cleaning Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes
Abstract:
This work deals with fouling and successive cleaning of RO membrane fouled by an organic foulant, sodium alginate using a laboratory-scale cross flow test unit. First, spiral-wound RO membrane was fouled with sodium alginate solution up to 10% and 15%, respectively at an applied pressure of 1380 kPa with flow rate of 10 lit/min. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a chemical cleaning agent for cleaning of RO membrane. The effect of cleaning chemical dose and cross-flow velocity on the membrane chemical cleaning duration to achieve 100% cleaning efficiency (i.e., to get original water flux) was also investigated. As the SDS concentration increases, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases due to increase in the solubility of the foulant (when the surface tension decreases by an increase in the SDS concentration). Furthermore, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity of the cleaning chemical solution (SDS). Higher cross-flow velocity enhances the turbulence at the fouling layer and hence the mass transfer of the foulant from the fouling layer to the bulk solution is improved, then the SDS has weakened the structural integrity of the fouling layer. It is observed that better cleaning is occurred with higher concentration of SDS and flow rate. The obtained results clearly reveal that SDS cleaning is proved to be an efficient cleaning method for RO membranes fouled with organic foulant.
Fouling and Cleaning Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes
Abstract:
This work deals with fouling and successive cleaning of RO membrane fouled by an organic foulant, sodium alginate using a laboratory-scale cross flow test unit. First, spiral-wound RO membrane was fouled with sodium alginate solution up to 10% and 15%, respectively at an applied pressure of 1380 kPa with flow rate of 10 lit/min. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a chemical cleaning agent for cleaning of RO membrane. The effect of cleaning chemical dose and cross-flow velocity on the membrane chemical cleaning duration to achieve 100% cleaning efficiency (i.e., to get original water flux) was also investigated. As the SDS concentration increases, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases due to increase in the solubility of the foulant (when the surface tension decreases by an increase in the SDS concentration). Furthermore, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity of the cleaning chemical solution (SDS). Higher cross-flow velocity enhances the turbulence at the fouling layer and hence the mass transfer of the foulant from the fouling layer to the bulk solution is improved, then the SDS has weakened the structural integrity of the fouling layer. It is observed that better cleaning is occurred with higher concentration of SDS and flow rate. The obtained results clearly reveal that SDS cleaning is proved to be an efficient cleaning method for RO membranes fouled with organic foulant.
Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Multi-Metal Aqueous Solution by Sunflower Plant Biomass-Based Carbons
Abstract
This study reports the competitive adsorption
of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) onto sunflower waste biomass
carbons, viz. sunflower head carbon and sunflower stem
carbon from multi-metal aqueous solution.
Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Multi-Metal Aqueous Solution by Sunflower Plant Biomass-Based Carbons
Abstract
This study reports the competitive adsorption
of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) onto sunflower waste biomass
carbons, viz. sunflower head carbon and sunflower stem
carbon from multi-metal aqueous solution.
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