Electrochemical Water Treatment for Cooling Towers
Electrochemical Water Treatment for Cooling Towers
Source : https://www.gsa.gov/
Author : Gregg Tomberlin
Jesse Dean
Michael Deru
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Boiler Water Treatment: Lessons Learned
Background
Enormous amounts of water are used daily in boiler water operations. However, water normally contains various levels of contaminants, dissolved solids (minerals) and dissolved gases. These contaminants cause major operational problems and damage to boilers unless they are removed or controlled on a continuing basis. Correct application of chemical treatment programs can eliminate many problems associated with boiler operations. But other problems can and do impact operations.
Boiler Water Treatment: Lessons Learned
Background
Enormous amounts of water are used daily in boiler water operations. However, water normally contains various levels of contaminants, dissolved solids (minerals) and dissolved gases. These contaminants cause major operational problems and damage to boilers unless they are removed or controlled on a continuing basis. Correct application of chemical treatment programs can eliminate many problems associated with boiler operations. But other problems can and do impact operations.
Water Treatment For Boilers
Benefits of water treatments
• Increase boiler efficiency
• Reduce fuel, operating and maintenance costs
• Minimize maintenance and downtime and
• Protect equipment from corrosion
• Extend equipment lifetime
Water Treatment For Boilers
Benefits of water treatments
• Increase boiler efficiency
• Reduce fuel, operating and maintenance costs
• Minimize maintenance and downtime and
• Protect equipment from corrosion
• Extend equipment lifetime
Alternative Water Treatment Technologies for Cooling Tower Applications
This GSA Proving Ground (GPG) project assessed the performance of three alternative water treatment systems (AWT) for cooling tower water treatment applications at the Denver Federal Center (DFC) in Denver, Colorado. Cooling towers are commonly applied to water cooled chilled water plants in medium to large commercial buildings and are the point in the system where heat is dissipated to the atmosphere through the evaporative cooling process. Cooling towers also consume a large amount of water. Cooling tower related water consumption is one of largest potable water loads within buildings in the United States, with over 26% of water use associated with heating and cooling. Reducing water consumption is a priority for the General Services Administration (GSA) due to Executive Order 13693, Energy Policy Act of 1992, and regional water shortages. These factors have brought about the investigation of cost effective opportunities to reduce water use, such as AWT technologies for cooling towers. The current state of water treatment in GSA buildings is to use conventional chemical based cooling tower water treatment to maintain cooling tower water quality and contract out this specialized service to a third-party company specializing in such service.
Alternative Water Treatment Technologies for Cooling Tower Applications
This GSA Proving Ground (GPG) project assessed the performance of three alternative water treatment systems (AWT) for cooling tower water treatment applications at the Denver Federal Center (DFC) in Denver, Colorado. Cooling towers are commonly applied to water cooled chilled water plants in medium to large commercial buildings and are the point in the system where heat is dissipated to the atmosphere through the evaporative cooling process. Cooling towers also consume a large amount of water. Cooling tower related water consumption is one of largest potable water loads within buildings in the United States, with over 26% of water use associated with heating and cooling. Reducing water consumption is a priority for the General Services Administration (GSA) due to Executive Order 13693, Energy Policy Act of 1992, and regional water shortages. These factors have brought about the investigation of cost effective opportunities to reduce water use, such as AWT technologies for cooling towers. The current state of water treatment in GSA buildings is to use conventional chemical based cooling tower water treatment to maintain cooling tower water quality and contract out this specialized service to a third-party company specializing in such service.
Best Management Practices for Industrial Water Users
Introduction:
The industrial water user should determine if implementation of each identified BMP measure to achieve water savings would be cost effective. The analysis should determine the cost effectiveness to the industrial water user of the lower direct costs of the saved water and other cost savings that may also accrue. Many operating procedures and controls that improve water use efficiency should be implemented simply as a matter of good practice. In other cases the industrial user may decide to implement BMPs based on non-cost factors such as public good will or political reasons. In evaluating equipment and process additions or changes, each industry should utilize its own criteria for making capital improvement decisions.
Best Management Practices for Industrial Water Users
Introduction:
The industrial water user should determine if implementation of each identified BMP measure to achieve water savings would be cost effective. The analysis should determine the cost effectiveness to the industrial water user of the lower direct costs of the saved water and other cost savings that may also accrue. Many operating procedures and controls that improve water use efficiency should be implemented simply as a matter of good practice. In other cases the industrial user may decide to implement BMPs based on non-cost factors such as public good will or political reasons. In evaluating equipment and process additions or changes, each industry should utilize its own criteria for making capital improvement decisions.
Harnessing the Fourth Industrial Revolution for Water
The “Fourth Industrial Revolution for the Earth” is a publication series highlighting opportunities to solve the world’s most pressing environmental challenges by harnessing technological innovations supported by new and effective approaches to governance, financing and multistakeholder collaboration. We have a unique opportunity to harness this Fourth Industrial Revolution – and the societal shifts it triggers – to help address environmental issues and transform how we manage our shared global environment. The Fourth Industrial Revolution could, however, also exacerbate existing threats to environmental security or create entirely new risks that will need to be considered and managed. Harnessing these opportunities and proactively managing these risks will require a transformation of the “enabling environment”, namely the governance frameworks and policy protocols, investment and financing models, the prevailing incentives for technology development, and the nature of societal engagement.
Harnessing the Fourth Industrial Revolution for Water
The “Fourth Industrial Revolution for the Earth” is a publication series highlighting opportunities to solve the world’s most pressing environmental challenges by harnessing technological innovations supported by new and effective approaches to governance, financing and multistakeholder collaboration. We have a unique opportunity to harness this Fourth Industrial Revolution – and the societal shifts it triggers – to help address environmental issues and transform how we manage our shared global environment. The Fourth Industrial Revolution could, however, also exacerbate existing threats to environmental security or create entirely new risks that will need to be considered and managed. Harnessing these opportunities and proactively managing these risks will require a transformation of the “enabling environment”, namely the governance frameworks and policy protocols, investment and financing models, the prevailing incentives for technology development, and the nature of societal engagement.
Industrial Water Treatment Operation And Maintenance
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT
1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. This UFC provides an overview of industrial water treatment operations and management. As used in this UFC, the term “industrial water” refers to the water used in military power generation, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, cooling, processing, and all other equipment and systems that require water for operation. Industrial water is not the same as potable water. Industrial water is never consumed or used in situations that require a high degree of sanitation. Industrial water requires water preparation or chemical treatment, or both, to avoid the problems described in paragraph
1-1.2. Water preparation and chemical treatment requirements are described in Chapters 2 through 5 according to the type of system in question. The Navy has special uses for shore-to-ship steam. The Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEASYSCOM) shore-to-ship steam purity standards are described in Chapter 3. Examples of industrial water systems and their uses are
• Steam Boiler Systems. (See Chapter 3.) Steam uses include space and hot water heating, sterilization, humidification, indirect food processing, and power generation.
• Cooling Water Systems. (See Chapter 4.) Cooling water is used in cooling towers, evaporative coolers, evaporative condensers, and once-through systems. Applications are broad, ranging from simple refrigeration to temperature regulation of nuclear reactors.
• Closed Water Systems. (See Chapter 5.) These include closed hot water, closed chilled water, and diesel jacket systems.
Industrial Water Treatment Operation And Maintenance
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT
1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. This UFC provides an overview of industrial water treatment operations and management. As used in this UFC, the term “industrial water” refers to the water used in military power generation, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, cooling, processing, and all other equipment and systems that require water for operation. Industrial water is not the same as potable water. Industrial water is never consumed or used in situations that require a high degree of sanitation. Industrial water requires water preparation or chemical treatment, or both, to avoid the problems described in paragraph
1-1.2. Water preparation and chemical treatment requirements are described in Chapters 2 through 5 according to the type of system in question. The Navy has special uses for shore-to-ship steam. The Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEASYSCOM) shore-to-ship steam purity standards are described in Chapter 3. Examples of industrial water systems and their uses are
• Steam Boiler Systems. (See Chapter 3.) Steam uses include space and hot water heating, sterilization, humidification, indirect food processing, and power generation.
• Cooling Water Systems. (See Chapter 4.) Cooling water is used in cooling towers, evaporative coolers, evaporative condensers, and once-through systems. Applications are broad, ranging from simple refrigeration to temperature regulation of nuclear reactors.
• Closed Water Systems. (See Chapter 5.) These include closed hot water, closed chilled water, and diesel jacket systems.
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