Engineered Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Remediation
Water is one of the world’s most abundant resources, but less than 1% of the global supply of water is available and safe for human consumption [1]. According to the World Health Organization, over 760 million people were without adequate drinking water supply in 2011 [2]. Where it is available, the cost of potable water is rising due to increasing energy costs, growing populations, and climatic or other environmental issues [1,3]. In addition, an increasing number of drinking water sources are showing evidence of contamination, especially by emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals and personal care products [4,5]. Many traditional water and wastewater treatment methods do not effectively remove these emerging contaminants, and/or are not capable of removing enough to meet increasingly stringent water quality standards [5,6]. Contamination of surface waters also constitutes a risk to water supplies because pollutants may penetrate into aquifers, where they can be transported to drinking water sources.
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Abstract
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Sludge Biotic Index
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between activated sludge microfauna, the sludge biotic index (SBI) and the effluent quality of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) working with shock organic and ammonium loadings caused by periodic wastewater delivery from septic tanks. Irrespective of high/low effluent quality in terms of COD, BOD5, ammonium and suspended solids, high SBI values (8–10), which correspond to the first quality class of sludge, were observed. High SBI values were connected with abundant taxonomic composition and the domination of crawling ciliates with shelled amoebae and attached ciliates. High SBI values, even at a low effluent quality, limit the usefulness of the index for monitoring the status of an activated sludge system and the effluent quality in municipal WWTP-treated wastewater from septic tanks. It was shown that a more sensitive indicator of effluent quality was a change in the abundance of attached ciliates with a narrow peristome (Vorticella infusionum and Opercularia coarctata), small flagellates and crawling ciliates (Acineria uncinata) feeding on flagellates.
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