Evaluation and Design of Small Water Systems
Evaluation and Design of Small Water Systems
Source : https://www.cdph.ca.gov/
Presented by : Dale Newkirk, P.E.
-Learn about and compare the various kinds of membrane filtration systems
-Learn the important characteristics and design aspects of each membrane filtration system
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Design Characteristics For Evaporation Ponds In Wyoming
ABSTRACT:
Information for the design of evaporation ponds in Wyoming has been developed. The suitability of various models for estimating evaporation and its variability was investigated while the spatial and temporal variabilities of net evaporation at seven locations were described. A routing procedure was developed to analyze the effects of uncertainty in net evaporation estimates on the probability of pond failure. Comparison of equations which estimate evaporation using climatological data showed that the equations vary greatly in their ability to define the variability of evaporation. The Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation provided monthly and annual evaporation estimates having statistics resembling those of
measured pan data closer than any of seven other equations tested. The equation requires temperature, radiation, wind, and humidity data as inputs. The Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation using climatic data extrapolated from nearby stations provided better definition of the variability of evaporation than did equations requiring only on-site temperature data. However, results indicate that extreme care must be taken in selecting the stations from which data will be extrapolated. Monthly and annual means, standard deviations, and highest and lowest evaporation and net evaporation values have been calculated for seven Wyoming stations. The year-to-year and spatial variation of evaporation and/or net evaporation in Wyoming was shown to be great enough to cause serious problems in defining rates for evaporation pond designs. Several factors were shown to exist which might produce uncertainties in any estimate of evaporation. The routing procedure was applied to analyze the effects of these uncertainties and variations. Results indicate that the liquid depth of an evaporation pond depends greatly on evaporation rates and maintenance of minimum liquid depths without pond overflow is very difficult.
Design Characteristics For Evaporation Ponds In Wyoming
ABSTRACT:
Information for the design of evaporation ponds in Wyoming has been developed. The suitability of various models for estimating evaporation and its variability was investigated while the spatial and temporal variabilities of net evaporation at seven locations were described. A routing procedure was developed to analyze the effects of uncertainty in net evaporation estimates on the probability of pond failure. Comparison of equations which estimate evaporation using climatological data showed that the equations vary greatly in their ability to define the variability of evaporation. The Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation provided monthly and annual evaporation estimates having statistics resembling those of
measured pan data closer than any of seven other equations tested. The equation requires temperature, radiation, wind, and humidity data as inputs. The Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation using climatic data extrapolated from nearby stations provided better definition of the variability of evaporation than did equations requiring only on-site temperature data. However, results indicate that extreme care must be taken in selecting the stations from which data will be extrapolated. Monthly and annual means, standard deviations, and highest and lowest evaporation and net evaporation values have been calculated for seven Wyoming stations. The year-to-year and spatial variation of evaporation and/or net evaporation in Wyoming was shown to be great enough to cause serious problems in defining rates for evaporation pond designs. Several factors were shown to exist which might produce uncertainties in any estimate of evaporation. The routing procedure was applied to analyze the effects of these uncertainties and variations. Results indicate that the liquid depth of an evaporation pond depends greatly on evaporation rates and maintenance of minimum liquid depths without pond overflow is very difficult.
CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide
Abstract:
The CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide is targeted to a technical design audience. It includes design issues such as selection of coils, application of different piping distribution systems, design and applications of controls, mitigation of low delta-t syndrome, and a myriad of other performance critical issues. It also includes a section on Performance Specifications, which is targeted to equipment specifiers, including engineers and facility purchasing agents. It details methods to request and analyze the performance data of submitted equipment. Topics include zero tolerance performance specifications, applications of witness tests, and performance tables for bid alternates.
CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide
Abstract:
The CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide is targeted to a technical design audience. It includes design issues such as selection of coils, application of different piping distribution systems, design and applications of controls, mitigation of low delta-t syndrome, and a myriad of other performance critical issues. It also includes a section on Performance Specifications, which is targeted to equipment specifiers, including engineers and facility purchasing agents. It details methods to request and analyze the performance data of submitted equipment. Topics include zero tolerance performance specifications, applications of witness tests, and performance tables for bid alternates.
Design And Analysis of Pressure Disc Type Filter
Abstract:
Presently used Filters for Beverages making industries are very bulky in shape and gives low outlet discharge. Hence they are less efficient .Therefore there is a need to design compact, automated unit that produces completely clear liquor and which have large outlet discharge. This concept highlights the design of new filter which fulfill the requirements of beverages making industries for filtration. For making filtration more feasible, unit is to be design in which multiple disc comprising of blades is to be mounted on a shaft for filtration. Multiple discs will get patterned throughout the shaft and number of disc decides the capacity of filter. The special arrangement of Two cake discharge blades (scrapper remover) suspended from a frame mounted on the tank and serve to deflect and guide the cake to the discharge tube. On large diameter filters, the blades are of the swing type that float to maintain the cake to disc clearance and so allow for the wobble of the turning discs.
Design And Analysis of Pressure Disc Type Filter
Abstract:
Presently used Filters for Beverages making industries are very bulky in shape and gives low outlet discharge. Hence they are less efficient .Therefore there is a need to design compact, automated unit that produces completely clear liquor and which have large outlet discharge. This concept highlights the design of new filter which fulfill the requirements of beverages making industries for filtration. For making filtration more feasible, unit is to be design in which multiple disc comprising of blades is to be mounted on a shaft for filtration. Multiple discs will get patterned throughout the shaft and number of disc decides the capacity of filter. The special arrangement of Two cake discharge blades (scrapper remover) suspended from a frame mounted on the tank and serve to deflect and guide the cake to the discharge tube. On large diameter filters, the blades are of the swing type that float to maintain the cake to disc clearance and so allow for the wobble of the turning discs.
An Engineers Guide to Shaft Alignment, Vibration Analysis, Dynamic Balancing & Wear Debris Analysis
Introduction
The purpose of producing this handbook is to provide basic information and guidelines for the implementation of good shaft alignment, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing practice for standard rotating machines systems.
Laser alignment, dynamic balancing and condition monitoring are essential components of a viable maintenance strategy for rotating machines. In isolation each strategy helps to reduce unexpected machine failure but taken together they form the hub of a proactive maintenance strategy that will not only identify incipient problems but will extend machine operating life considerably.
In each section of this handbook we have used one or two examples of the available methods for measuring the required parameters. We do not suggest that the methods illustrated are the only ones available. For anyone wishing to pursue further the subjects covered here a bibliography of some of the available literature is to be found at the end of this handbook.
An Engineers Guide to Shaft Alignment, Vibration Analysis, Dynamic Balancing & Wear Debris Analysis
Introduction
The purpose of producing this handbook is to provide basic information and guidelines for the implementation of good shaft alignment, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing practice for standard rotating machines systems.
Laser alignment, dynamic balancing and condition monitoring are essential components of a viable maintenance strategy for rotating machines. In isolation each strategy helps to reduce unexpected machine failure but taken together they form the hub of a proactive maintenance strategy that will not only identify incipient problems but will extend machine operating life considerably.
In each section of this handbook we have used one or two examples of the available methods for measuring the required parameters. We do not suggest that the methods illustrated are the only ones available. For anyone wishing to pursue further the subjects covered here a bibliography of some of the available literature is to be found at the end of this handbook.
IMS Design Quick Start Guide
The IMSDesign Quick Start Guide contains information about how you can install the Integrated Membrane System Design (IMSDesign) application. Additionally, this guide contains detailed information about setting the options related to different modules of the application.
IMS Design Quick Start Guide
The IMSDesign Quick Start Guide contains information about how you can install the Integrated Membrane System Design (IMSDesign) application. Additionally, this guide contains detailed information about setting the options related to different modules of the application.
Design of Reverse Osmosis Process For The Purification Of River Water In The Southern Belt Of Bangladesh
Introduction
Abundance and quality water supply is essential for all living species. Sustainable agriculture and industrial production need steady supply of freshwater. In many parts of the today’s world, desalination plays a vital role for sustaining human habitation besides the existing conventional water treatment technologies. Membrane based RO process has become a popular method to supply the fresh water from seawater and brackish water in different regions. RO (Figure 1) is a pressure driven process which under pressure reverses the flow direction of the solvent (in the opposite direction of osmosis process). Substantial efforts have been made by researchers on freshwater production (Sassi, 2012) and wastewater treatment (Stoller et al., 2016) using the RO. Rapid growth of membrane desalination processes enhanced the removal of ionic contaminants (Sassi and Mujtaba, 2013), pharmaceutical active compounds (Gur-Reznik et al., 2011) and other types of effluents from chemical, petrochemical, electrochemical, food, paper and tanning industries. Demineralised water can be supplied to several industries by treating the saline water using the RO process. However, there are limited studies on the production of demineralised water. Demineralised water is completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals (Kremser et al. 2006) which has total dissolved solids (TDS) as low as 1 mg/l. Kremser et al. (2006) described operating experience on demineralized water plant.
In this work, RO based desalination process is considered using three stages described by (Sassi, 2012) as shown in Figure 1. The plant nominal operating and design parameters (of commercial Film Tec spiral wound RO membrane elements) are taken from Abbas (2005). Firstly, the model prediction is validated against those reported by Sassi and Mujtaba (2010). Secondly, an optimization problem incorporating a process model is formulated to optimize the design and operating parameters in order to minimize specific energy consumption and the results are compared with Sassi (2012). Since those models (Sassi, 2012) are validated for freshwater production, the model parameters such as (water and salt permeability coefficients) needs to be updated for demineralised water. A structure of the RO network is developed based on RO network (two-stage seawater pass and two-stage brackish water pass). Different parameters are updated for the model from the literature.
Design of Reverse Osmosis Process For The Purification Of River Water In The Southern Belt Of Bangladesh
Introduction
Abundance and quality water supply is essential for all living species. Sustainable agriculture and industrial production need steady supply of freshwater. In many parts of the today’s world, desalination plays a vital role for sustaining human habitation besides the existing conventional water treatment technologies. Membrane based RO process has become a popular method to supply the fresh water from seawater and brackish water in different regions. RO (Figure 1) is a pressure driven process which under pressure reverses the flow direction of the solvent (in the opposite direction of osmosis process). Substantial efforts have been made by researchers on freshwater production (Sassi, 2012) and wastewater treatment (Stoller et al., 2016) using the RO. Rapid growth of membrane desalination processes enhanced the removal of ionic contaminants (Sassi and Mujtaba, 2013), pharmaceutical active compounds (Gur-Reznik et al., 2011) and other types of effluents from chemical, petrochemical, electrochemical, food, paper and tanning industries. Demineralised water can be supplied to several industries by treating the saline water using the RO process. However, there are limited studies on the production of demineralised water. Demineralised water is completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals (Kremser et al. 2006) which has total dissolved solids (TDS) as low as 1 mg/l. Kremser et al. (2006) described operating experience on demineralized water plant.
In this work, RO based desalination process is considered using three stages described by (Sassi, 2012) as shown in Figure 1. The plant nominal operating and design parameters (of commercial Film Tec spiral wound RO membrane elements) are taken from Abbas (2005). Firstly, the model prediction is validated against those reported by Sassi and Mujtaba (2010). Secondly, an optimization problem incorporating a process model is formulated to optimize the design and operating parameters in order to minimize specific energy consumption and the results are compared with Sassi (2012). Since those models (Sassi, 2012) are validated for freshwater production, the model parameters such as (water and salt permeability coefficients) needs to be updated for demineralised water. A structure of the RO network is developed based on RO network (two-stage seawater pass and two-stage brackish water pass). Different parameters are updated for the model from the literature.
Community Public Water Systems Design Criteria
Introduction:
This publication is a revised edition of our Design Criteria for Community Public Water Systems. They have been prepared as a guide to water systems, design engineers, and our own staff. There has been no attempt to address every situation. We also know that there will be occasions when these criteria will not apply. Exceptions will be handled on an individual basis. The Tennessee Safe Drinking Water Act of 1983 requires The Department of Environment & Conservation to: "Exercise general supervision over the construction of public water systems throughout the state. Such general supervision shall include all the features of construction of public water systems which do or may affect the sanitary quality or the quantity of the water supply. No new construction shall be done nor shall any change be made in any public water system until the plans for such new construction or change have been submitted and approved by the department." (Extract of part of Section 68-221-706, Tennessee Code) Where the terms shall and must are used, it is intended to be a mandatory requirement. Other terms such as should, recommend, preferred, and the like, are intended to show desirable equipment, procedures, or methods. We encourage development of new methods and equipment. However, any new developments must be demonstrated to be satisfactory before we can approve their use. Operating data from other installations, or demonstration of the equipment by a manufacturer's representative, or both, may be needed for our review. These criteria are a compilation of information from a number of sources. The principle source, however, is Recommended Standards for Water Works, 1982 Edition. This publication is a report of "The Committee of the Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers" and is commonly known as Ten-State Standards.
Community Public Water Systems Design Criteria
Introduction:
This publication is a revised edition of our Design Criteria for Community Public Water Systems. They have been prepared as a guide to water systems, design engineers, and our own staff. There has been no attempt to address every situation. We also know that there will be occasions when these criteria will not apply. Exceptions will be handled on an individual basis. The Tennessee Safe Drinking Water Act of 1983 requires The Department of Environment & Conservation to: "Exercise general supervision over the construction of public water systems throughout the state. Such general supervision shall include all the features of construction of public water systems which do or may affect the sanitary quality or the quantity of the water supply. No new construction shall be done nor shall any change be made in any public water system until the plans for such new construction or change have been submitted and approved by the department." (Extract of part of Section 68-221-706, Tennessee Code) Where the terms shall and must are used, it is intended to be a mandatory requirement. Other terms such as should, recommend, preferred, and the like, are intended to show desirable equipment, procedures, or methods. We encourage development of new methods and equipment. However, any new developments must be demonstrated to be satisfactory before we can approve their use. Operating data from other installations, or demonstration of the equipment by a manufacturer's representative, or both, may be needed for our review. These criteria are a compilation of information from a number of sources. The principle source, however, is Recommended Standards for Water Works, 1982 Edition. This publication is a report of "The Committee of the Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers" and is commonly known as Ten-State Standards.
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