Fish Handbook for Biological Wastewater Treatment
Until very recently, culture-dependent methods such as plate count or Most-Probable Number (MPN) counting have widely been used for enumeration and detection of bacteria being relevant to biological wastewater treatment performance. In fact, such standard methods are in many cases still used for effluent quality control, particularly with respect to pathogens and various indicator organisms (e.g. APHA Standard Methods).
However, today we know that these methods suffer from severe limitations as from all types of microbes in environmental samples (also pathogens), only a very small fraction is cultivable on media generally applied. Therefore, this approach is prone to lead to serious misinformation. Thus, we strongly advocate for a change to using culture-independent molecular methods in all sorts of microbiological investigations in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
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Lesson D1 Guidelines and Standards for Wastewater Reuse
Due to water shortage, wastewater reuse has gained great importance in many parts of the world. Wastewater reuse practices have become valuable source in water resources management. As an independent source of water, reclaimed water can increase the reliability of water supply. Reclaimed wastewater requires effective measures to protect public health and the environment. Strong wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations are developed for the purpose. It is difficult to establish wastewater guidelines and regulations that can suit all regions in the world. Among the broad reasons for this as limiting factors, are economics of countries relating chosen treatment technologies and additionally, the local context of a region must be taken into consideration in settings. Almost all wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations are bacteriological-based. Some of them consider biochemical parameters. In this lesson you will comprehend the importance as well as the necessity of setting wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations. You will be aware of arising problems
for getting universal valid standards. You will get an overview of guidelines and regulations existing worldwide and regionally.
Lesson D1 Guidelines and Standards for Wastewater Reuse
Due to water shortage, wastewater reuse has gained great importance in many parts of the world. Wastewater reuse practices have become valuable source in water resources management. As an independent source of water, reclaimed water can increase the reliability of water supply. Reclaimed wastewater requires effective measures to protect public health and the environment. Strong wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations are developed for the purpose. It is difficult to establish wastewater guidelines and regulations that can suit all regions in the world. Among the broad reasons for this as limiting factors, are economics of countries relating chosen treatment technologies and additionally, the local context of a region must be taken into consideration in settings. Almost all wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations are bacteriological-based. Some of them consider biochemical parameters. In this lesson you will comprehend the importance as well as the necessity of setting wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations. You will be aware of arising problems
for getting universal valid standards. You will get an overview of guidelines and regulations existing worldwide and regionally.
A Review of Electrocoagulation Process for Wastewater Treatment
The control of environmental pollution and also the treatment of polluted water are of great concern. Within the past decade, electrochemical coagulation process has emerged as most effective wastewater treatment process as compared to conventional techniques of treating wastewater. Electrocoagulation is robust, cost effective, reliable, low sludge generating process, it has automation amenability and it has high pollutant removal efficiency. The aim of the review is to explain the basics and up to date advancement of electrocoagulation method for the improvements in the pollutant removal efficiency.
A Review of Electrocoagulation Process for Wastewater Treatment
The control of environmental pollution and also the treatment of polluted water are of great concern. Within the past decade, electrochemical coagulation process has emerged as most effective wastewater treatment process as compared to conventional techniques of treating wastewater. Electrocoagulation is robust, cost effective, reliable, low sludge generating process, it has automation amenability and it has high pollutant removal efficiency. The aim of the review is to explain the basics and up to date advancement of electrocoagulation method for the improvements in the pollutant removal efficiency.
Advanced wastewater treatment for separation and removal of pharmaceutical residues and other hazardous substances
The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined a need to introduce advanced treatment for pharmaceutical residues in wastewater. An additional benefit of such a treatment is that it would also include the treatment of other hazardous substances.The extent to which pharmaceutical residues risk becoming a problem depends on local conditions such as the sensitivity of the receiving waters. While this is an important variable to consider, the Swedish EPA believes that the sensitivity of the receiving waters should not be the only consideration when setting requirements for treatment. The amount of released pharmaceutical residues and long-term effects should also be considered in decision making and justification. The investment and operational costs of introducing advanced treatment depend in part on the size and current capacity of treatment facilities, which is why size limitations can be an additional consideration when setting requirements.
Advanced wastewater treatment for separation and removal of pharmaceutical residues and other hazardous substances
The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined a need to introduce advanced treatment for pharmaceutical residues in wastewater. An additional benefit of such a treatment is that it would also include the treatment of other hazardous substances.The extent to which pharmaceutical residues risk becoming a problem depends on local conditions such as the sensitivity of the receiving waters. While this is an important variable to consider, the Swedish EPA believes that the sensitivity of the receiving waters should not be the only consideration when setting requirements for treatment. The amount of released pharmaceutical residues and long-term effects should also be considered in decision making and justification. The investment and operational costs of introducing advanced treatment depend in part on the size and current capacity of treatment facilities, which is why size limitations can be an additional consideration when setting requirements.
Advanced Wastewater Treatment By Nanofiltration And Activated Carbon For High Quality Water Reuse
Hybrid processes combining activated carbon and nanofiltration have been studied to identify the optimum solution for advanced wastewater treatment in high quality water reclamation and reuse. With a focus on the removal of bulk and trace organic compounds the investigation identified three promising process combinations, namely powdered activated carbon followed by nanofiltration (PAC/NF), granular activated carbon followed by nanofiltration (GAC/NF) and nanofiltration followed by granular activated carbon (NF/GAC). The removal potential was examined in lab and pilot scale for a range of refractory pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals typically detected in effluent in trace concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L. Fluorescence excitation emission spectroscopy was employed for the investigation of the fate of effluent organic matter. The optimum strategies for operation of the hybrid processes were determined in pilot scale. The experiments were conducted at the Wastewater Treatment Plant Aachen Soers providing an effluent of high quality with low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of about 5 mg/L.
Advanced Wastewater Treatment By Nanofiltration And Activated Carbon For High Quality Water Reuse
Hybrid processes combining activated carbon and nanofiltration have been studied to identify the optimum solution for advanced wastewater treatment in high quality water reclamation and reuse. With a focus on the removal of bulk and trace organic compounds the investigation identified three promising process combinations, namely powdered activated carbon followed by nanofiltration (PAC/NF), granular activated carbon followed by nanofiltration (GAC/NF) and nanofiltration followed by granular activated carbon (NF/GAC). The removal potential was examined in lab and pilot scale for a range of refractory pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals typically detected in effluent in trace concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L. Fluorescence excitation emission spectroscopy was employed for the investigation of the fate of effluent organic matter. The optimum strategies for operation of the hybrid processes were determined in pilot scale. The experiments were conducted at the Wastewater Treatment Plant Aachen Soers providing an effluent of high quality with low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of about 5 mg/L.
Chemical Cleaning Of Ultrafiltration Membrane After Treatment Of Oily Wastewater
Abstract:
Oily wastewaters and Oil–in-water emulsions are two of the major pollutants of the environment. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes play an important role in the treatment and reuse of oily wastewaters. Fouling of UF membranes is typically caused by inorganic and organic materials present in wastewaters that adhere to the surface and pores of the membrane and result in the deterioration of performance with a consequent increase in energy costs and membrane replacement. In the experiments, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and outlet wastewater of the API (American Petroleum Institute) separator unit of Tehran refinery as membrane and feed were used, respectively. Fouling and cleaning experiments were performed with oily wastewater and selected cleaning agents using a laboratory scale cross flow test unit. The results showed that metal chelating agent (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid disodium salt-2-hydrate (EDTA)) and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) were able to Clean the fouled UF membrane effectively by optimizing chemical (pH) and physical
(cleaning time, cross flow velocity (CFV) and temperature) conditions during cleaning. Flux recovery and resistance removal were found to improve with increasing CFV, temperature, pH, cleaning time and concentration of the cleaning chemicals. In this paper, the cleaning mechanism is also investigated.
Chemical Cleaning Of Ultrafiltration Membrane After Treatment Of Oily Wastewater
Abstract:
Oily wastewaters and Oil–in-water emulsions are two of the major pollutants of the environment. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes play an important role in the treatment and reuse of oily wastewaters. Fouling of UF membranes is typically caused by inorganic and organic materials present in wastewaters that adhere to the surface and pores of the membrane and result in the deterioration of performance with a consequent increase in energy costs and membrane replacement. In the experiments, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and outlet wastewater of the API (American Petroleum Institute) separator unit of Tehran refinery as membrane and feed were used, respectively. Fouling and cleaning experiments were performed with oily wastewater and selected cleaning agents using a laboratory scale cross flow test unit. The results showed that metal chelating agent (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid disodium salt-2-hydrate (EDTA)) and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) were able to Clean the fouled UF membrane effectively by optimizing chemical (pH) and physical
(cleaning time, cross flow velocity (CFV) and temperature) conditions during cleaning. Flux recovery and resistance removal were found to improve with increasing CFV, temperature, pH, cleaning time and concentration of the cleaning chemicals. In this paper, the cleaning mechanism is also investigated.
Sewer Design Guide
Abstract:
the Sewer Design Guide is a guide for the engineer when planning and designing wastewater facilities and should be used for both public facilities and private facilities which serve multiple lots. This guide summarizes and outlines relevant City policies, applicable codes, and engineering and operational practices and procedures that have been developed in an effort to establish a cost-effective, reliable, and safe wastewater collection system. Also to be considered and used in conjunction with this design guide are all applicable current standard drawings, specifications, codes, laws and industry requirements for the planning and design of wastewater infrastructures
Sewer Design Guide
Abstract:
the Sewer Design Guide is a guide for the engineer when planning and designing wastewater facilities and should be used for both public facilities and private facilities which serve multiple lots. This guide summarizes and outlines relevant City policies, applicable codes, and engineering and operational practices and procedures that have been developed in an effort to establish a cost-effective, reliable, and safe wastewater collection system. Also to be considered and used in conjunction with this design guide are all applicable current standard drawings, specifications, codes, laws and industry requirements for the planning and design of wastewater infrastructures
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