Genetic Analysis Of Protoplast Fusant Xhh Constructed For Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment
Genetic Analysis Of Protoplast Fusant XHHH Constructed For Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment
Source: https://www.elsevier.com
Author: Xu-Xiang Zhang , Hai-Ying Jia , Bing Wu , Da-Yong Zhao , Wei-Xin Li , Shu-Pei Cheng
Microbiological techniques, including activated sludge, biofilm and anaerobic methods, have been widely used in wastewater treatment plants for the low-cost and high-efficiency characteristics of those methods. However, pharmaceutical wastewater can not been treated efficiently with biological methods as a result of the presence of antibiotic or aromatic pollutants in the wastewater, which not only inhibits microbial growth, but also reduces biod-egradability of the wastewater.
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Water Desalination Using Solar Thermal Collectors Enhanced by Nanofluids
Introduction
In the future, the world is confronted with energy and freshwater shortage. Desalination of brackish or seawater is one of the most important ways to solve the water scarcity issue [1, 2]. The use of solar energy or waste heat sources is acceptable for water-producing systems of such a small size [3–5]. The relevancy of nanomaterials is to realize the best attainable properties within the smallest possible loadings through homogenized distribution and stable suspension of these nanoparticles[6–11]. Often, heat transfer improvement in solar collectors is one of the basic problems in energy saving, compact designs, and different operating temperatures. Researchers also investigated the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and water nanofluids with a pH of 3.5, 6.5, and 9.5, and Triton X-100 as a surfactant (0.2 wt %) using flat-plate solar collectors. It was found that the nanofluids have better heat transfer performance in acidic and alkaline water due to the influence of the isoelectric point. The higher efficiency (67 %) was obtained at pH 9.5 and 3.5 with a water flow rate of 0.0333 kg s–1. A stable nanofluid based on ethylene glycol-containing nanosheets of graphene oxide was prepared by Yu et al. [12]. The improvement in thermal conductivity relies strongly on the volume fraction of the nanosheet of graphene oxide and increases with higher nanoparticle loading. The heat efficiency was enhanced up to 61.0 % using a nanosheet loading of 5.0 vol %. For seven days, the thermal conductivity of the fluids remained almost constant, which suggests their high stability. In the measured temperature range, the enhancement value was independent of the temperature. Peyghambarzadeh et al. [13, 14] studied force convection techniques in an excessively base water nanofluid, which was experimentally compared to water in a vehicle heat exchanger with different nanofluid loadings. It was experimentally investigated to improve the rate of heat transfer. The variable effect of the inlet temperature of the fluid in the heat exchanger on the heat transfer coefficient was evaluated. The findings showed that the incremental fluid circulation rate would increase the output rate of heat transfer, while the temperature of the fluid entering the heat exchanger had negligible effects. Meanwhile, water nanofluid subservience at low-volume loadings would increase the heat transfer rate efficiency by approximately 44 % compared to water
Water Desalination Using Solar Thermal Collectors Enhanced by Nanofluids
Introduction
In the future, the world is confronted with energy and freshwater shortage. Desalination of brackish or seawater is one of the most important ways to solve the water scarcity issue [1, 2]. The use of solar energy or waste heat sources is acceptable for water-producing systems of such a small size [3–5]. The relevancy of nanomaterials is to realize the best attainable properties within the smallest possible loadings through homogenized distribution and stable suspension of these nanoparticles[6–11]. Often, heat transfer improvement in solar collectors is one of the basic problems in energy saving, compact designs, and different operating temperatures. Researchers also investigated the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and water nanofluids with a pH of 3.5, 6.5, and 9.5, and Triton X-100 as a surfactant (0.2 wt %) using flat-plate solar collectors. It was found that the nanofluids have better heat transfer performance in acidic and alkaline water due to the influence of the isoelectric point. The higher efficiency (67 %) was obtained at pH 9.5 and 3.5 with a water flow rate of 0.0333 kg s–1. A stable nanofluid based on ethylene glycol-containing nanosheets of graphene oxide was prepared by Yu et al. [12]. The improvement in thermal conductivity relies strongly on the volume fraction of the nanosheet of graphene oxide and increases with higher nanoparticle loading. The heat efficiency was enhanced up to 61.0 % using a nanosheet loading of 5.0 vol %. For seven days, the thermal conductivity of the fluids remained almost constant, which suggests their high stability. In the measured temperature range, the enhancement value was independent of the temperature. Peyghambarzadeh et al. [13, 14] studied force convection techniques in an excessively base water nanofluid, which was experimentally compared to water in a vehicle heat exchanger with different nanofluid loadings. It was experimentally investigated to improve the rate of heat transfer. The variable effect of the inlet temperature of the fluid in the heat exchanger on the heat transfer coefficient was evaluated. The findings showed that the incremental fluid circulation rate would increase the output rate of heat transfer, while the temperature of the fluid entering the heat exchanger had negligible effects. Meanwhile, water nanofluid subservience at low-volume loadings would increase the heat transfer rate efficiency by approximately 44 % compared to water
Artificial Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Groundwater Quality
The present article delves into the examination of groundwater quality, based on WQI, for drinking purposes in Baghdad City. Further, for carrying out the investigation, the data was collected from the Ministry of Water Resources of Baghdad, which represents water samples drawn from 114 wells in Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa sides of Baghdad city. With the aim of further determining WQI, four water parameters such as (i) pH, (ii) Chloride (Cl), (iii) Sulfate (SO4), and (iv) Total dissolved solids (TDS), were taken into consideration. Additionally, to anticipate changes in groundwater WQI, IBM® SPSS® Statistics 19 software (SPSS) was used to develop an artificial neural network model (ANNM). With the application of this ANNM model, the results obtained illustrated high prediction efficiency, as the sum of squares error functions (for training and testing samples) and coefficient of determination (R2), were found to be (0.038 and 0.005) and 0.973, respectively.
Artificial Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Groundwater Quality
The present article delves into the examination of groundwater quality, based on WQI, for drinking purposes in Baghdad City. Further, for carrying out the investigation, the data was collected from the Ministry of Water Resources of Baghdad, which represents water samples drawn from 114 wells in Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa sides of Baghdad city. With the aim of further determining WQI, four water parameters such as (i) pH, (ii) Chloride (Cl), (iii) Sulfate (SO4), and (iv) Total dissolved solids (TDS), were taken into consideration. Additionally, to anticipate changes in groundwater WQI, IBM® SPSS® Statistics 19 software (SPSS) was used to develop an artificial neural network model (ANNM). With the application of this ANNM model, the results obtained illustrated high prediction efficiency, as the sum of squares error functions (for training and testing samples) and coefficient of determination (R2), were found to be (0.038 and 0.005) and 0.973, respectively.
Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Water and Wastewater Management: The Case Study of Japan
Abstract:
The integration of artificial intelligence into various aspects of daily life is developing at a rapid pace in Japan. Discussions to govern applications of artificial intelligence to the field of social infrastructure are also critical and need to match the rapid pace of development. However, the legal implications and risks of applying artificial intelligence to the management of lifelines such as drinking water supply and wastewater treatment have not yet been fully explored. This paper reviews the existing legislations and ongoing discussions on governance regarding applications of artificial intelligence to water and wastewater management. Based on the review, we discuss the ability of legislative frameworks in Japan to respond to the applications of artificial intelligence, as well as identifying potential gaps and challenges thereof, including access to accurate data, demarcation of rights and responsibilities, risk hedging and risk management, monitoring and evaluation, and handling of intellectual property rights. This paper concludes with key recommendations to national and local governments to support the application of artificial intelligence in the field of water and wastewater.
Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Water and Wastewater Management: The Case Study of Japan
Abstract:
The integration of artificial intelligence into various aspects of daily life is developing at a rapid pace in Japan. Discussions to govern applications of artificial intelligence to the field of social infrastructure are also critical and need to match the rapid pace of development. However, the legal implications and risks of applying artificial intelligence to the management of lifelines such as drinking water supply and wastewater treatment have not yet been fully explored. This paper reviews the existing legislations and ongoing discussions on governance regarding applications of artificial intelligence to water and wastewater management. Based on the review, we discuss the ability of legislative frameworks in Japan to respond to the applications of artificial intelligence, as well as identifying potential gaps and challenges thereof, including access to accurate data, demarcation of rights and responsibilities, risk hedging and risk management, monitoring and evaluation, and handling of intellectual property rights. This paper concludes with key recommendations to national and local governments to support the application of artificial intelligence in the field of water and wastewater.
Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment: A critical review
Abstract:
In this paper, a review of emerging desalination technologies is presented. Several technologies for desalination of municipal and industrial wastewater have been proposed and evaluated, but only certain technologies have been commercialized or are close to commercialization. This review consists of membrane-based, thermal-based and alternative technologies. Membranes based on incorporation of nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes or graphene-based ones show promise as innovative desalination technologies with superior performance in terms of water permeability and salt rejection. However, only nanocomposite membranes have been commercialized while others are still under fundamental developmental stages. Among the thermal-based technologies, membrane
distillation and adsorption desalination show the most promise for enhanced performance with the availability of a waste heat source. Several alternative technologies have also been developed recently; those based on capacitive deionization have shown considerable improvements in their salt removal capacity and feed water recovery. In the same category, microbial desalination cells have been shown to desalinate high salinity water without any external energy source, but to date, scale up of the process has not been methodically evaluated. In this paper, advantages and drawbacks of each technology is discussed along with a comparison of performance, water quality and energy consumption.
Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment: A critical review
Abstract:
In this paper, a review of emerging desalination technologies is presented. Several technologies for desalination of municipal and industrial wastewater have been proposed and evaluated, but only certain technologies have been commercialized or are close to commercialization. This review consists of membrane-based, thermal-based and alternative technologies. Membranes based on incorporation of nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes or graphene-based ones show promise as innovative desalination technologies with superior performance in terms of water permeability and salt rejection. However, only nanocomposite membranes have been commercialized while others are still under fundamental developmental stages. Among the thermal-based technologies, membrane
distillation and adsorption desalination show the most promise for enhanced performance with the availability of a waste heat source. Several alternative technologies have also been developed recently; those based on capacitive deionization have shown considerable improvements in their salt removal capacity and feed water recovery. In the same category, microbial desalination cells have been shown to desalinate high salinity water without any external energy source, but to date, scale up of the process has not been methodically evaluated. In this paper, advantages and drawbacks of each technology is discussed along with a comparison of performance, water quality and energy consumption.
Biofouling of Water Treatment Membranes: A Review of the Underlying Causes, Monitoring Techniques and Control Measures
Biofouling is a critical issue in membrane water and wastewater treatment as it greatly compromises the efficiency of the treatment processes. It is difficult to control, and significant economic resources have been dedicated to the development of effective biofouling monitoring and control strategies. This paper highlights the underlying causes of membrane biofouling and provides a review on recent developments of potential monitoring and control methods in water and wastewater treatment with the aim of identifying the remaining issues and challenges in this area.
Biofouling of Water Treatment Membranes: A Review of the Underlying Causes, Monitoring Techniques and Control Measures
Biofouling is a critical issue in membrane water and wastewater treatment as it greatly compromises the efficiency of the treatment processes. It is difficult to control, and significant economic resources have been dedicated to the development of effective biofouling monitoring and control strategies. This paper highlights the underlying causes of membrane biofouling and provides a review on recent developments of potential monitoring and control methods in water and wastewater treatment with the aim of identifying the remaining issues and challenges in this area.
Fouling and Cleaning Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes
Abstract:
This work deals with fouling and successive cleaning of RO membrane fouled by an organic foulant, sodium alginate using a laboratory-scale cross flow test unit. First, spiral-wound RO membrane was fouled with sodium alginate solution up to 10% and 15%, respectively at an applied pressure of 1380 kPa with flow rate of 10 lit/min. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a chemical cleaning agent for cleaning of RO membrane. The effect of cleaning chemical dose and cross-flow velocity on the membrane chemical cleaning duration to achieve 100% cleaning efficiency (i.e., to get original water flux) was also investigated. As the SDS concentration increases, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases due to increase in the solubility of the foulant (when the surface tension decreases by an increase in the SDS concentration). Furthermore, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity of the cleaning chemical solution (SDS). Higher cross-flow velocity enhances the turbulence at the fouling layer and hence the mass transfer of the foulant from the fouling layer to the bulk solution is improved, then the SDS has weakened the structural integrity of the fouling layer. It is observed that better cleaning is occurred with higher concentration of SDS and flow rate. The obtained results clearly reveal that SDS cleaning is proved to be an efficient cleaning method for RO membranes fouled with organic foulant.
Fouling and Cleaning Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes
Abstract:
This work deals with fouling and successive cleaning of RO membrane fouled by an organic foulant, sodium alginate using a laboratory-scale cross flow test unit. First, spiral-wound RO membrane was fouled with sodium alginate solution up to 10% and 15%, respectively at an applied pressure of 1380 kPa with flow rate of 10 lit/min. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a chemical cleaning agent for cleaning of RO membrane. The effect of cleaning chemical dose and cross-flow velocity on the membrane chemical cleaning duration to achieve 100% cleaning efficiency (i.e., to get original water flux) was also investigated. As the SDS concentration increases, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases due to increase in the solubility of the foulant (when the surface tension decreases by an increase in the SDS concentration). Furthermore, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity of the cleaning chemical solution (SDS). Higher cross-flow velocity enhances the turbulence at the fouling layer and hence the mass transfer of the foulant from the fouling layer to the bulk solution is improved, then the SDS has weakened the structural integrity of the fouling layer. It is observed that better cleaning is occurred with higher concentration of SDS and flow rate. The obtained results clearly reveal that SDS cleaning is proved to be an efficient cleaning method for RO membranes fouled with organic foulant.
Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
ABSTRACT Drinking water is unfortunately becoming a rare luxury on our planet.On the other hand, with a trend of population growth, need for water which is essential to life,is becomingbigger every day.Practical application of nanotechnology in saving water worldwide is in using nanoparticles in detection of water pollution and water purification. This knowledge has importance in medicine and public health, so as in environment safety.Possible application areas of nanotechnology in field of purification and treatment of water are in filtration, catalytic and separation processes, ion exchanging, sensitive pollutant detection,etc.Nanotechnology could be the main solution in future fortreatment of surface water,groundwater, and waste water contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms.
Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
ABSTRACT Drinking water is unfortunately becoming a rare luxury on our planet.On the other hand, with a trend of population growth, need for water which is essential to life,is becomingbigger every day.Practical application of nanotechnology in saving water worldwide is in using nanoparticles in detection of water pollution and water purification. This knowledge has importance in medicine and public health, so as in environment safety.Possible application areas of nanotechnology in field of purification and treatment of water are in filtration, catalytic and separation processes, ion exchanging, sensitive pollutant detection,etc.Nanotechnology could be the main solution in future fortreatment of surface water,groundwater, and waste water contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms.
Perspectives And Applications Of Nanotechnology In Water Treatment
Abstract
Industrialization and excessive use of pesticides for boosting agricultural production have adversely affected the ecosystem, polluting natural water reserves. Remediation of contaminated water has been an area of concern with numerous techniques being applied to improve the quality of naturally available water to the level suitable for human consumption. Most of these methods, however, generate by-products that are sometimes toxic. Heterogenous photocatalysis using metal oxide nanostructures for water purification is an attractive option because no harmful by-products are created. A discussion on possible methods to engineer metal oxides for visible light photocatalysis is included to highlight the use of solar energy for water purification. Multifunctional photocatalytic membranes are considered advantageous over freely suspended nanoparticles due to the ease of its removal from the purified water. An overview of water remediation techniques is presented, highlighting innovations through nanotechnology for possible addressing of problems associated with current techniques.
Perspectives And Applications Of Nanotechnology In Water Treatment
Abstract
Industrialization and excessive use of pesticides for boosting agricultural production have adversely affected the ecosystem, polluting natural water reserves. Remediation of contaminated water has been an area of concern with numerous techniques being applied to improve the quality of naturally available water to the level suitable for human consumption. Most of these methods, however, generate by-products that are sometimes toxic. Heterogenous photocatalysis using metal oxide nanostructures for water purification is an attractive option because no harmful by-products are created. A discussion on possible methods to engineer metal oxides for visible light photocatalysis is included to highlight the use of solar energy for water purification. Multifunctional photocatalytic membranes are considered advantageous over freely suspended nanoparticles due to the ease of its removal from the purified water. An overview of water remediation techniques is presented, highlighting innovations through nanotechnology for possible addressing of problems associated with current techniques.
Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Multi-Metal Aqueous Solution by Sunflower Plant Biomass-Based Carbons
Abstract
This study reports the competitive adsorption
of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) onto sunflower waste biomass
carbons, viz. sunflower head carbon and sunflower stem
carbon from multi-metal aqueous solution.
Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Multi-Metal Aqueous Solution by Sunflower Plant Biomass-Based Carbons
Abstract
This study reports the competitive adsorption
of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) onto sunflower waste biomass
carbons, viz. sunflower head carbon and sunflower stem
carbon from multi-metal aqueous solution.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husk Ash Low Cost Adsorbent
Abstract
In the present study, adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions on rice husk ash (RHA) has been investigated in single, binary and tertiary systems.
Batch experiments were also carried out for mono-and multi-component systems with varying metal ions concentrations (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husk Ash Low Cost Adsorbent
Abstract
In the present study, adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions on rice husk ash (RHA) has been investigated in single, binary and tertiary systems.
Batch experiments were also carried out for mono-and multi-component systems with varying metal ions concentrations (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics.
A Pilot Study of an Electromagnetic Field for Control of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Scaling During Brackish Groundwater Desalination
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF) on control of membrane
fouling and scaling during desalination of brackish groundwater using a pilot reverse osmosis (RO)
skid. The groundwater was primarily CaSO4 type with a total dissolved solids concentration of
5850 mg/L and hardness of 2500 mg/L as CaCO3. Two EMF devices were installed in the pipeline
before a cartridge filter and in the RO feed inlet to induce an electric signal of ±150 kHz to the
groundwater. The effects of EMF on membrane scaling were evaluated under accelerated conditions,
i.e., without pH adjustment and addition of antiscalant. Two-phase experiments were conducted:
Phase 1 (376 h) with the EMF devices turned on after 150 h baseline operation; and Phase 2 (753 h)
with the EMF devices turned on from the beginning of testing. The EMF significantly reduced
membrane scaling and improved RO performance by 38.3% and 14.3% in terms of normalized water
permeability decline rate after 150 h and 370 h operation, respectively. Membrane autopsy results
indicated that the fouling layer formed under the influence of EMF was loose with a low density and
was easily removed by hydraulic flushing
A Pilot Study of an Electromagnetic Field for Control of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Scaling During Brackish Groundwater Desalination
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF) on control of membrane
fouling and scaling during desalination of brackish groundwater using a pilot reverse osmosis (RO)
skid. The groundwater was primarily CaSO4 type with a total dissolved solids concentration of
5850 mg/L and hardness of 2500 mg/L as CaCO3. Two EMF devices were installed in the pipeline
before a cartridge filter and in the RO feed inlet to induce an electric signal of ±150 kHz to the
groundwater. The effects of EMF on membrane scaling were evaluated under accelerated conditions,
i.e., without pH adjustment and addition of antiscalant. Two-phase experiments were conducted:
Phase 1 (376 h) with the EMF devices turned on after 150 h baseline operation; and Phase 2 (753 h)
with the EMF devices turned on from the beginning of testing. The EMF significantly reduced
membrane scaling and improved RO performance by 38.3% and 14.3% in terms of normalized water
permeability decline rate after 150 h and 370 h operation, respectively. Membrane autopsy results
indicated that the fouling layer formed under the influence of EMF was loose with a low density and
was easily removed by hydraulic flushing
Desalination: From Ancient To Present And Future
Abstract:
Water is life, and without water, there would be no civilizations and a vacant Earth. Water is considered an abundant natural resource on the earth. Water covers 3/4 of the surface. However, 97% of the available water on the earth is salty oceanic water, and only a tiny fraction (3%) is freshwater. This small portion of the available water supplies the needs of humans and animals. However, freshwater exists in underground, rivers, and lakes and is insufficient to cover all the world’s water demands. Thus, water saving, water reuse, rainwater harvesting, stormwater utilization, and desalination are critical for maintaining water supplies for the future of humanity. Desalination has a long history spanning centuries from ancient times to the present. In the last two decades, desalination has been rapidly expanding to meet water needs in stressed water regions of the world. Yet, there are still some problems with its implementation in several areas of the world. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the history of desalination for wiser and smarter water extraction and uses to sustain and support the water needs of the earth’s inhabitants.
Desalination: From Ancient To Present And Future
Abstract:
Water is life, and without water, there would be no civilizations and a vacant Earth. Water is considered an abundant natural resource on the earth. Water covers 3/4 of the surface. However, 97% of the available water on the earth is salty oceanic water, and only a tiny fraction (3%) is freshwater. This small portion of the available water supplies the needs of humans and animals. However, freshwater exists in underground, rivers, and lakes and is insufficient to cover all the world’s water demands. Thus, water saving, water reuse, rainwater harvesting, stormwater utilization, and desalination are critical for maintaining water supplies for the future of humanity. Desalination has a long history spanning centuries from ancient times to the present. In the last two decades, desalination has been rapidly expanding to meet water needs in stressed water regions of the world. Yet, there are still some problems with its implementation in several areas of the world. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the history of desalination for wiser and smarter water extraction and uses to sustain and support the water needs of the earth’s inhabitants.
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