Groundwater Hydrology

Introduction: In recent years, nano science and technology has introduced a new dimension to scientific disciplines and technology sectors due to its ability to exhibit super functional properties of materials at nano-dimensions. There is a remarkable rise in research and development in all developed countries and many developing countries pertaining to this field. Organizations such as Universities, public research institutes and industrial R&D laboratories focus strongly on this new technology to benefit from its scientific and technological advantages [1]. Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that applies engineering and manufacturing principles at molecular level [2]. In broad terms, nanotechnology is the development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the physical size range of 1–100 nanometers (nm) as well as the incorporation of these structures into applications [3]. The past couple of decades have been dedicated to the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials Nanotechnology has revolutionized a multitude of sectors such as the electronic, chemical, biotechnology and biomedical industries [4]. Whereas various industries produce different varieties of nanomaterials there are increasing efforts to use nanotechnology in environmental engineering to protect the environment by pollution control, treatment and as a remedial measure to long term problems such as contaminated waste sites [5]. This technique has proved to be an effective alternative to the conventional practices for site remediation. Further research has also been carried out and its application is found useful in the treatment of in drinking water.

Abstract: Drinking water supplies are based on ground water resources all over the world. At some localities problems with higher concentrations of iron and manganese found in ground water. These higher concentration of these metals result in metallic taste of water, effect color and flavor of food and cause staining of different products like paper, cloths, and plastics. Therefore World Health Organization has approved the treatment of water if concentrations of iron and manganese are higher than 0.3mg/L and 0.1 mg/L. Several techniques have been applied to remove iron and manganese from groundwater. The issue of higher concentrations of iron and manganese in groundwater wells at Grindalsmoen in Elverum Municipality in the south eastern part of Norway has been investigated by a PHREEQC geochemical model. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the relationships between oxygen levels and precipitation rates of iron and manganese. For this purpose geochemical simulations were performed with PHREEQC model with radial and linear flow. Results proved that concentration of oxygen at the water works (at its corresponding partial pressure) is high enough to precipitate the level of iron and manganese found in groundwater. The concentration of oxygen in equilibrium air at our desired temperature of 6 degree centigrade was 12.3 mg/l calculated by PHREEQC. Geochemical simulations were performed by the one dimensional column flow and radial flow towards well. The phenomenon of sorption was also included in model to see the adsorption behavior of iron and manganese. Overall this geochemical study has provided satisfactory results.

DISTRIBUTION BASICS CEU TRAINING COURSE Second Edition Review of water distribution systems and related treatment fundamentals. This course will cover the basic requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act and general water distribution principles. You will not need any other materials for this course. Water Distribution, Well Drillers, Pump Installers, and Water Treatment Operators. The target audience for this course is the person interested in working in a water treatment or distribution facility and/or wishing to maintain CEUs for certification license or to learn how to do the job safely and effectively, and/or meet education needs for promotion. Final Examination for Credit The opportunity to pass the final comprehensive examination is limited to three attempts per course enrollment.