Groundwater Surface Water Exchange

Introduction: In recent years, nano science and technology has introduced a new dimension to scientific disciplines and technology sectors due to its ability to exhibit super functional properties of materials at nano-dimensions. There is a remarkable rise in research and development in all developed countries and many developing countries pertaining to this field. Organizations such as Universities, public research institutes and industrial R&D laboratories focus strongly on this new technology to benefit from its scientific and technological advantages [1]. Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that applies engineering and manufacturing principles at molecular level [2]. In broad terms, nanotechnology is the development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the physical size range of 1–100 nanometers (nm) as well as the incorporation of these structures into applications [3]. The past couple of decades have been dedicated to the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials Nanotechnology has revolutionized a multitude of sectors such as the electronic, chemical, biotechnology and biomedical industries [4]. Whereas various industries produce different varieties of nanomaterials there are increasing efforts to use nanotechnology in environmental engineering to protect the environment by pollution control, treatment and as a remedial measure to long term problems such as contaminated waste sites [5]. This technique has proved to be an effective alternative to the conventional practices for site remediation. Further research has also been carried out and its application is found useful in the treatment of in drinking water.