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A Compendium of Standards for Wastewater Reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Introduction
This compendium provides an overview of the quality standards for the reuse of treated wastewater in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region.
Information was collected through surveys and from the Centre for Environmental Health Activities (CEHA), who contacted countries requesting that ministries of health provide pertinent standards and regulations for wastewater reuse quality standards in their countries. Available standards are summarized for Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen.
A Compendium of Standards for Wastewater Reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Introduction
This compendium provides an overview of the quality standards for the reuse of treated wastewater in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region.
Information was collected through surveys and from the Centre for Environmental Health Activities (CEHA), who contacted countries requesting that ministries of health provide pertinent standards and regulations for wastewater reuse quality standards in their countries. Available standards are summarized for Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen.
A Handbook for Integrated Water Resources Management in Basins
Water issues touch all segments of society and all economic sectors. Population growth, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, the expansion of agriculture and tourism, and climate change all put water under increasing stress. Given this growing pressure it is critical that this vital resource is properly managed.
A Handbook for Integrated Water Resources Management in Basins
Water issues touch all segments of society and all economic sectors. Population growth, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, the expansion of agriculture and tourism, and climate change all put water under increasing stress. Given this growing pressure it is critical that this vital resource is properly managed.
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Applied to Gold Mining Effluent Treatment and Reuse
Abstract:
Gold mining and ore processing are activities of great economic importance. However, they are related to generation of extremely polluted effluents containing high concentrations of heavy metals and low pH. This study aims to evaluate the optimal conditions for gold mining effluent treatment by crossflow membrane filtration regarding the following variables: nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane types, feed pH and permeate recovery rate. It was observed that retention efficiencies of NF90 were similar to those of RO membranes though permeate fluxes obtained were 7-fold higher. The optimum pH value was found to be 5.0, which resulted in higher permeate flux and lower fouling formation. At a recovery rate above 40% there was a significant decrease in permeate quality, so this was chosen as the maximum recovery rate for the proposed system. We conclude that NF is a suitable treatment for gold mining effluent at an estimated cost of US$ 0.83/m³.
Keywords: Gold mining effluent treatment; Nanofiltration (NF); Reverse Osmosis (RO); Feed pH; Permeate recovery rate.
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Applied to Gold Mining Effluent Treatment and Reuse
Abstract:
Gold mining and ore processing are activities of great economic importance. However, they are related to generation of extremely polluted effluents containing high concentrations of heavy metals and low pH. This study aims to evaluate the optimal conditions for gold mining effluent treatment by crossflow membrane filtration regarding the following variables: nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane types, feed pH and permeate recovery rate. It was observed that retention efficiencies of NF90 were similar to those of RO membranes though permeate fluxes obtained were 7-fold higher. The optimum pH value was found to be 5.0, which resulted in higher permeate flux and lower fouling formation. At a recovery rate above 40% there was a significant decrease in permeate quality, so this was chosen as the maximum recovery rate for the proposed system. We conclude that NF is a suitable treatment for gold mining effluent at an estimated cost of US$ 0.83/m³.
Keywords: Gold mining effluent treatment; Nanofiltration (NF); Reverse Osmosis (RO); Feed pH; Permeate recovery rate.
Building-Scale Treatment for Direct Potable Water Reuse and Intelligent Control for Real Time Performance Monitoring Project (Pure Water SF)
Potable water reuse systems, whether centralized or decentralized, need to provide consistent high-quality water produced from a multiple barrier treatment system. In the United States, potable reuse projects have successfully produced high-quality water from a range of treatment systems from about 1 million gallons per day (mgd) to more than 100 mgd. This project adds to the body of knowledge for demonstrated project successes as it addresses the challenges of operating and maintaining small and decentralized purification systems. Currently, SFPUC uses a constructed wetland system to treat the wastewater generated in its headquarters building for non-potable reuse. PureWaterSF added to the existing system a demonstration direct potable reuse (DPR) building-scale treatment process that included ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and an ultraviolet advanced oxidation process (UF/RO/UV AOP) to purify the tertiary recycled water effluent from the wetland system. The treatment train, which treats approximately 80 percent of the water from the wetland system, was designed to have a small footprint and produce high-quality water that is able to meet drinking water standards. The treated water is redirected to the non-potable reuse system for toilet flushing in the SFPUC headquarter building.
Building-Scale Treatment for Direct Potable Water Reuse and Intelligent Control for Real Time Performance Monitoring Project (Pure Water SF)
Potable water reuse systems, whether centralized or decentralized, need to provide consistent high-quality water produced from a multiple barrier treatment system. In the United States, potable reuse projects have successfully produced high-quality water from a range of treatment systems from about 1 million gallons per day (mgd) to more than 100 mgd. This project adds to the body of knowledge for demonstrated project successes as it addresses the challenges of operating and maintaining small and decentralized purification systems. Currently, SFPUC uses a constructed wetland system to treat the wastewater generated in its headquarters building for non-potable reuse. PureWaterSF added to the existing system a demonstration direct potable reuse (DPR) building-scale treatment process that included ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and an ultraviolet advanced oxidation process (UF/RO/UV AOP) to purify the tertiary recycled water effluent from the wetland system. The treatment train, which treats approximately 80 percent of the water from the wetland system, was designed to have a small footprint and produce high-quality water that is able to meet drinking water standards. The treated water is redirected to the non-potable reuse system for toilet flushing in the SFPUC headquarter building.
Guidelines For Drinking-Water Quality Management For New Zealand Chapter 19: Small, Individual And Roof Water Supplies
Introduction
Providing safe drinking-water for all is a cornerstone of protecting people from illness, and it is the responsibility of the water supplier/operator to ensure that the drinking-water they provide is safe regardless of the number of people served and the type of population. In 2002 the New Zealand Water and Wastes Association (NZWWA) in conjunction with the New Zealand Water Environment Research Foundation (NZWERF) conducted a survey of New Zealand small water systems (systems that supply water to fewer than 500 people). The survey attempted to identify how well the systems were being managed, and what difficulties the industry experienced in meeting the requirements as set out in the Drinking-water Standards for New Zealand 2000 (DWSNZ). The objective of the report was to highlight the trends and issues facing small water systems. The interviewers undertook a visual inspection of the systems and rated the plant in the majority of systems (85 percent) as in excellent or satisfactory condition; although ‘satisfactory’ does not mean that they were DWSNZ compliant. The 15 percent of the systems that were rated as unsatisfactory were given this rating mainly for having no (or an inadequate level) of treatment. Only 40 percent of surface water sources were reported to be fenced, at least 20 percent of the groundwater sources had insecure head works, and 47 percent of roof water sources had no flushing points. The storage tanks for 33 percent of the systems were considered to have inadequate vermin protection or were incorrectly sealed, NZWWA (2002).
Guidelines For Drinking-Water Quality Management For New Zealand Chapter 19: Small, Individual And Roof Water Supplies
Introduction
Providing safe drinking-water for all is a cornerstone of protecting people from illness, and it is the responsibility of the water supplier/operator to ensure that the drinking-water they provide is safe regardless of the number of people served and the type of population. In 2002 the New Zealand Water and Wastes Association (NZWWA) in conjunction with the New Zealand Water Environment Research Foundation (NZWERF) conducted a survey of New Zealand small water systems (systems that supply water to fewer than 500 people). The survey attempted to identify how well the systems were being managed, and what difficulties the industry experienced in meeting the requirements as set out in the Drinking-water Standards for New Zealand 2000 (DWSNZ). The objective of the report was to highlight the trends and issues facing small water systems. The interviewers undertook a visual inspection of the systems and rated the plant in the majority of systems (85 percent) as in excellent or satisfactory condition; although ‘satisfactory’ does not mean that they were DWSNZ compliant. The 15 percent of the systems that were rated as unsatisfactory were given this rating mainly for having no (or an inadequate level) of treatment. Only 40 percent of surface water sources were reported to be fenced, at least 20 percent of the groundwater sources had insecure head works, and 47 percent of roof water sources had no flushing points. The storage tanks for 33 percent of the systems were considered to have inadequate vermin protection or were incorrectly sealed, NZWWA (2002).
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