This handbook is meant as a reference for those technicians and Rural Electricity Providers in Cambodia who are constructing, operating and maintaining Medium Voltage lines.
The handbook guides the actual installation of MV networks by providing crucial information on all subjects relating to construction, operation and maintenance of each and every part of the electrical network.
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Electrodeionization versus Electrodialysis: A Clean- Up of Produced Water in Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract:
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.
Electrodeionization versus Electrodialysis: A Clean- Up of Produced Water in Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract:
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.
Electrical Advanced-Level Training
Introduction:
This training is recommended for inspectors performing component design bases inspections (CDBIs) or other detailed inspections of electrical systems. Inspectors with demonstrated experience may be grandfathered in the completion of this training, if approved by the division director.
Completion of technical proficiency-level training (Appendix C in IMC 1245) is strongly recommended before beginning this training. You may complete the requirements in this training standard along with the general proficiency requirements contained in Appendix B and
the technical proficiency requirements in Appendix C.
Objectives of Advanced-Level Training This training focuses on the activities necessary to fully develop individuals as lead or “experts” in the electrical inspection area. It is not the intent that all certified inspectors will complete all of the ISAs in this advanced appendix. In addition, this appendix should also be viewed as an inspector’s aid and could be used during an inspection to assist in inspecting a particular area.
Electrical Advanced-Level Training
Introduction:
This training is recommended for inspectors performing component design bases inspections (CDBIs) or other detailed inspections of electrical systems. Inspectors with demonstrated experience may be grandfathered in the completion of this training, if approved by the division director.
Completion of technical proficiency-level training (Appendix C in IMC 1245) is strongly recommended before beginning this training. You may complete the requirements in this training standard along with the general proficiency requirements contained in Appendix B and
the technical proficiency requirements in Appendix C.
Objectives of Advanced-Level Training This training focuses on the activities necessary to fully develop individuals as lead or “experts” in the electrical inspection area. It is not the intent that all certified inspectors will complete all of the ISAs in this advanced appendix. In addition, this appendix should also be viewed as an inspector’s aid and could be used during an inspection to assist in inspecting a particular area.
Wastewater Treatment Plants Automation Master Plan
Introduction:
The City of Winnipeg has initiated a program to perform upgrades to the wastewater treatment systems at the NEWPCC, SEWPCC, and WEWPCC facilities. As part of these upgrades, automation systems are required for process control and monitoring. These automation systems must be installed to provide effective monitoring and control of the wastewater treatment processes. There are many methods of implementing an automation system, and the purpose of this document is to provide an overall strategy for automation installations that are consistent with the City’s needs. It is expected that this document will form the basis for future design work.
Wastewater Treatment Plants Automation Master Plan
Introduction:
The City of Winnipeg has initiated a program to perform upgrades to the wastewater treatment systems at the NEWPCC, SEWPCC, and WEWPCC facilities. As part of these upgrades, automation systems are required for process control and monitoring. These automation systems must be installed to provide effective monitoring and control of the wastewater treatment processes. There are many methods of implementing an automation system, and the purpose of this document is to provide an overall strategy for automation installations that are consistent with the City’s needs. It is expected that this document will form the basis for future design work.
Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Equipment
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of these specifications is to assure that all tested electrical equipment and systems supplied by either contractor or owner are operational and within applicable standards and manufacturer’s tolerances and that equipment and systems are installed in accordance with design specifications. The need for acceptance testing of electrical power systems is very clear to those with extensive start-up and/or operating experience.
Shipping and installation damage, field and factory wiring errors, manufacturing defects, and systems and components not in accordance with drawings and specifications are some of the many problems that can be detected by appropriate testing. When these defects are found before start-up they can be corrected under warranty and without the safety hazards and possible equipment and consequential damages or loss of use/production that can occur if discovered after startup or energizing. In addition, test results obtained during acceptance testing are invaluable as base reference data for periodic testing which is an essential element of an effective maintenance program.
This document lists a majority of the field test available for assessing the suitability for service and reliability of the power distribution system. Certain tests have been assigned an “optional” classification. The following considerations were used in determining the use of the “optional” classification: 1. Did another test listed provide similar information? 2. How did the cost of the test compare to the cost of other tests providing similar information? 3. How commonplace was the test procedure? Is it new technology? While acknowledging the above, it is still necessary to make an informed judgment for each particular system regarding how extensive the testing should be. The approach taken in these specifications is to present a comprehensive series of tests that is applicable to most industrial and larger commercial systems.
The guidance of an experienced testing professional should be sought when making decisions such as how extensive testing should be. In smaller systems, some of the tests can be deleted. In other cases, a number of the tests indicated as optional should be performed. As a further note, it is important to follow the recommendations contained in the manufacturer’s instruction manuals. Many of the details of a complete and effective acceptance testing procedure can only be obtained from that source.
Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Equipment
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of these specifications is to assure that all tested electrical equipment and systems supplied by either contractor or owner are operational and within applicable standards and manufacturer’s tolerances and that equipment and systems are installed in accordance with design specifications. The need for acceptance testing of electrical power systems is very clear to those with extensive start-up and/or operating experience.
Shipping and installation damage, field and factory wiring errors, manufacturing defects, and systems and components not in accordance with drawings and specifications are some of the many problems that can be detected by appropriate testing. When these defects are found before start-up they can be corrected under warranty and without the safety hazards and possible equipment and consequential damages or loss of use/production that can occur if discovered after startup or energizing. In addition, test results obtained during acceptance testing are invaluable as base reference data for periodic testing which is an essential element of an effective maintenance program.
This document lists a majority of the field test available for assessing the suitability for service and reliability of the power distribution system. Certain tests have been assigned an “optional” classification. The following considerations were used in determining the use of the “optional” classification: 1. Did another test listed provide similar information? 2. How did the cost of the test compare to the cost of other tests providing similar information? 3. How commonplace was the test procedure? Is it new technology? While acknowledging the above, it is still necessary to make an informed judgment for each particular system regarding how extensive the testing should be. The approach taken in these specifications is to present a comprehensive series of tests that is applicable to most industrial and larger commercial systems.
The guidance of an experienced testing professional should be sought when making decisions such as how extensive testing should be. In smaller systems, some of the tests can be deleted. In other cases, a number of the tests indicated as optional should be performed. As a further note, it is important to follow the recommendations contained in the manufacturer’s instruction manuals. Many of the details of a complete and effective acceptance testing procedure can only be obtained from that source.
Field Instrumentation
Basic terms related to temperature
Different scales conversion
Basic temperature measuring techniques
RTD’s and its application
Thermocouples and their applications
Comparison between RTDs and Thermocouples
State the effect on the indicated temperature for failures, open circuits, and short
circuit
Field Instrumentation
Basic terms related to temperature
Different scales conversion
Basic temperature measuring techniques
RTD’s and its application
Thermocouples and their applications
Comparison between RTDs and Thermocouples
State the effect on the indicated temperature for failures, open circuits, and short
circuit
Process Automation In Wastewater Treatment Plants: the Finnish Experience
Abstract:
The degree and importance of automation at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increased with the development of technology and tightening of treatment requirements. The objective of this paper is to assess and document the current status of process automation at WWTPs in Finland to determine successful practices and the needs of plant operators. Renewing ammonia or organic content
removal processes to total nitrogen removal processes has also increased the need of Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA). The survey has quantified that the reliability and accuracy of the on-line sensor measurement has improved recently, which makes the use of on-line measurements in control more applicable. The use of nutrient sensors in control is apparently still rare at Finnish WWTPs even though their use for monitoring purposes is common.
Process Automation In Wastewater Treatment Plants: the Finnish Experience
Abstract:
The degree and importance of automation at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increased with the development of technology and tightening of treatment requirements. The objective of this paper is to assess and document the current status of process automation at WWTPs in Finland to determine successful practices and the needs of plant operators. Renewing ammonia or organic content
removal processes to total nitrogen removal processes has also increased the need of Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA). The survey has quantified that the reliability and accuracy of the on-line sensor measurement has improved recently, which makes the use of on-line measurements in control more applicable. The use of nutrient sensors in control is apparently still rare at Finnish WWTPs even though their use for monitoring purposes is common.
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