Hydrothermal Technology in Biomass Utilization Conversion
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Calibration Technology
Introduction:
Every measuring instrument is subject to ageing as a result of mechanical, chemical or thermal stress and thus delivers measured values that change over time. This cannot be prevented, but it can be detected in good time by calibration. The Egyptians already knew this almost 5000 years ago. The workers calibrated their yard sticks by comparing them with a “royal cubit” (approx. 52.36 cm) made of stone and thus managed to achieve, for example, side lengths on the Cheops pyramid of 230.33 m which differ from each other by only about 0.05 per cent. In the process of calibration, the displayed value of the measuring instrument is compared with the measuring result of a different measuring device which is known to function correctly and accurately and which itself has been made to coincide directly or indirectly with a national (or international) reference instrument (standard) (Fig. 1). One talks about verification when the calibration has been carried out or supervised by an official body. Both of these variants are purely intended for determining the quality of the displayed values. No intervention to the measuring instrument itself is allowed. With adjustment, it is understood that there is an intervention to the measuring device in order to minimise a detected measuring deviation. Typically, adjustment is followed by a further calibration, in order to check and document the final state of the measuring instrument following the intervention. In contrast to verification, which will lose its validity after a period of time set by law, the validity period of a calibration is subject to practical specifications0.
Calibration Technology
Introduction:
Every measuring instrument is subject to ageing as a result of mechanical, chemical or thermal stress and thus delivers measured values that change over time. This cannot be prevented, but it can be detected in good time by calibration. The Egyptians already knew this almost 5000 years ago. The workers calibrated their yard sticks by comparing them with a “royal cubit” (approx. 52.36 cm) made of stone and thus managed to achieve, for example, side lengths on the Cheops pyramid of 230.33 m which differ from each other by only about 0.05 per cent. In the process of calibration, the displayed value of the measuring instrument is compared with the measuring result of a different measuring device which is known to function correctly and accurately and which itself has been made to coincide directly or indirectly with a national (or international) reference instrument (standard) (Fig. 1). One talks about verification when the calibration has been carried out or supervised by an official body. Both of these variants are purely intended for determining the quality of the displayed values. No intervention to the measuring instrument itself is allowed. With adjustment, it is understood that there is an intervention to the measuring device in order to minimise a detected measuring deviation. Typically, adjustment is followed by a further calibration, in order to check and document the final state of the measuring instrument following the intervention. In contrast to verification, which will lose its validity after a period of time set by law, the validity period of a calibration is subject to practical specifications0.
Trends of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Research in Indonesia: A Systematic Review
Abstract:
This study provides an overview of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) research trends in Indonesia from 1975 until April 2021. The systematic review compiled 272 articles related to the Sustainable Development Goals 6.1 and 6.2 in Indonesia, which were published in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The results showed that the water-related topic (41%) was discussed more often than sanitation (22%) or hygiene (13%). Furthermore, the social theme (39%) was dominantly found in all these articles, mostly finding determinants of WASH-related behavior. However, few WASH implementation studies or behavioral change interventions were recorded in Indonesia, suggesting a gap between science and policy or implementation. On the other hand, hygiene-related topics (14%) and WASH-related financial themes (6%) were the least studied in Indonesia. Combinations of topics (23%) and themes (15%) were also often conducted in Indonesia, suggesting that WASH researchers started to recognize the need to analyze WASH problems holistically, i.e., from multiple perspectives. In addition, the distribution of WASH research was still dominated in the central part of Indonesia, whereas the WASH-related problems, i.e., poor WASH services, and behavior, often occur in this area. This study also offers some research gaps, both in terms of topics, themes, and regional distribution, that need to be considered for the design of future WASH research in Indonesia.
Trends of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Research in Indonesia: A Systematic Review
Abstract:
This study provides an overview of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) research trends in Indonesia from 1975 until April 2021. The systematic review compiled 272 articles related to the Sustainable Development Goals 6.1 and 6.2 in Indonesia, which were published in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The results showed that the water-related topic (41%) was discussed more often than sanitation (22%) or hygiene (13%). Furthermore, the social theme (39%) was dominantly found in all these articles, mostly finding determinants of WASH-related behavior. However, few WASH implementation studies or behavioral change interventions were recorded in Indonesia, suggesting a gap between science and policy or implementation. On the other hand, hygiene-related topics (14%) and WASH-related financial themes (6%) were the least studied in Indonesia. Combinations of topics (23%) and themes (15%) were also often conducted in Indonesia, suggesting that WASH researchers started to recognize the need to analyze WASH problems holistically, i.e., from multiple perspectives. In addition, the distribution of WASH research was still dominated in the central part of Indonesia, whereas the WASH-related problems, i.e., poor WASH services, and behavior, often occur in this area. This study also offers some research gaps, both in terms of topics, themes, and regional distribution, that need to be considered for the design of future WASH research in Indonesia.
Trends and Perspectives In Industrial Water Treatment
Introduction
Water is vital for industry, both at the national and at the international level. The water technology of the industrial sector differs fundamentally from that of the municipal sector as a function of the specific needs of each sector. In the industrial sector, these requirements vary strongly between industries and locations so that standardized solutions are not possible (cf. Fig. 1). Rather, the different needs call for a combination of methodical/technical know-how and customized process technology. In view of the close interaction between production and water technology, integrative technologies and management systems are called for. An integrated, sustainable industrial water management curbs the dependency on natural water resources and other influencing factors such as energy or the regulatory framework. It is therefore not only relevant for the domestic market, but also boosts the export of technologies, equipment, engineering and other services and enhances the competitiveness of German companies in the international markets. The Process Net Subject Division “Production-integrated Water and Waste Water Technology” examines the state of-the-art of science and technology and new perspectives in the field of production-integrated (waste) water treatment. The division’s aim is to integrate the industrial utilization of water into the entire water economy with consideration of sociological effects and to consistently improve its ecological and economic efficiency. The Subject Division offers a forum for the interdisciplinary exchange of ideas and experiences among experts from industrial production, process development, environmental technology, plant engineering and construction as well as from engineering contractors, associations and the relevant authorities. In the process, new needs for R&D and application are identified and the technology transfer from scientific research to commercial implementation is promoted. r aus der Wissenschaft in die industrielle Praxis gefördert.
Trends and Perspectives In Industrial Water Treatment
Introduction
Water is vital for industry, both at the national and at the international level. The water technology of the industrial sector differs fundamentally from that of the municipal sector as a function of the specific needs of each sector. In the industrial sector, these requirements vary strongly between industries and locations so that standardized solutions are not possible (cf. Fig. 1). Rather, the different needs call for a combination of methodical/technical know-how and customized process technology. In view of the close interaction between production and water technology, integrative technologies and management systems are called for. An integrated, sustainable industrial water management curbs the dependency on natural water resources and other influencing factors such as energy or the regulatory framework. It is therefore not only relevant for the domestic market, but also boosts the export of technologies, equipment, engineering and other services and enhances the competitiveness of German companies in the international markets. The Process Net Subject Division “Production-integrated Water and Waste Water Technology” examines the state of-the-art of science and technology and new perspectives in the field of production-integrated (waste) water treatment. The division’s aim is to integrate the industrial utilization of water into the entire water economy with consideration of sociological effects and to consistently improve its ecological and economic efficiency. The Subject Division offers a forum for the interdisciplinary exchange of ideas and experiences among experts from industrial production, process development, environmental technology, plant engineering and construction as well as from engineering contractors, associations and the relevant authorities. In the process, new needs for R&D and application are identified and the technology transfer from scientific research to commercial implementation is promoted. r aus der Wissenschaft in die industrielle Praxis gefördert.
Water Technology Trends 2022
Foreword
Since the pandemic began, utilities have had no choice but to adapt to the new scenario of uncertainty. Over the last two years, we have learned about the importance of sound water management in our daily lives, and how innovation can open the floodgates to the future. Our responsibility in the water industry is to ensure that future generations have access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. For this to happen, utilities will need to digitally transform water cycle management over the next few years. Citizens in the 21st century are demanding intelligent use of our most precious resource. In this sense, growing concerns about the environmental impact of processes will encourage the adoption of technologies that reduce our water, carbon, and energy footprints. On the road to tackling these current challenges, we will only succeed if we have a solid business vision to guide the transformation of data into information for decision-making. This is how utilities can determine the best way to move forward. The technology trends for 2022 reviewed in this whitepaper (Digital Twins, AMI, GIS, 5G, AI, and intelligent asset management) will bring innovative use cases that will transform the industry. The time to build a more sustainable world is now. The future of water is not only about technology, but also about people. Unlike machines, we can combine technologies and knowledge to transform today’s management. The journey to unlocking value through digital transformation has just started, and the most innovative utilities are already on board.
Water Technology Trends 2022
Foreword
Since the pandemic began, utilities have had no choice but to adapt to the new scenario of uncertainty. Over the last two years, we have learned about the importance of sound water management in our daily lives, and how innovation can open the floodgates to the future. Our responsibility in the water industry is to ensure that future generations have access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. For this to happen, utilities will need to digitally transform water cycle management over the next few years. Citizens in the 21st century are demanding intelligent use of our most precious resource. In this sense, growing concerns about the environmental impact of processes will encourage the adoption of technologies that reduce our water, carbon, and energy footprints. On the road to tackling these current challenges, we will only succeed if we have a solid business vision to guide the transformation of data into information for decision-making. This is how utilities can determine the best way to move forward. The technology trends for 2022 reviewed in this whitepaper (Digital Twins, AMI, GIS, 5G, AI, and intelligent asset management) will bring innovative use cases that will transform the industry. The time to build a more sustainable world is now. The future of water is not only about technology, but also about people. Unlike machines, we can combine technologies and knowledge to transform today’s management. The journey to unlocking value through digital transformation has just started, and the most innovative utilities are already on board.
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