Pumps & Mechanical
Instrumentation & Control Process Control Fundamentals
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Chapter One Classification Of Pumps
What Is a Pump?
A pump is a machine or device for raising, transferring, or compressing fluids. Pumps represent the largest single use of power in the industry (31%) by motor-driven equipment. Process variables, including pressure and flow of gases and liquids, have long been regulated using mechanical clutches, throttles, and adjustable inlet guide vanes. Pumps often operate as a variable torque load, a load that increases as the speed increases. These mechanisms waste energy, require frequent maintenance, and provide inaccurate control.
Chapter One Classification Of Pumps
What Is a Pump?
A pump is a machine or device for raising, transferring, or compressing fluids. Pumps represent the largest single use of power in the industry (31%) by motor-driven equipment. Process variables, including pressure and flow of gases and liquids, have long been regulated using mechanical clutches, throttles, and adjustable inlet guide vanes. Pumps often operate as a variable torque load, a load that increases as the speed increases. These mechanisms waste energy, require frequent maintenance, and provide inaccurate control.
Guide To The Selection Of Rotodynamic Pumps
Purpose of this Guide to pump procurement
This Guide provides an introduction to the very complex subject of the selection of pumps. It is aimed at anyone who wishes to purchase or select a pump and, at the same time, wishes to save money on their energy bill. Almost invariably, this saving will be far more than the first cost of the pump. The reader may be the end user, a contractor, or a consultant. This Guide provides the reader with the basic principles of pump procurement, giving pointers to the pump type and performance they should consider. Pumps are divided into their main types, then their basic construction and performance are considered, their principal applications are described, the basic principles of pump selection are explained and, last but not least, target efficiencies are set to help minimize energy usage. The hope is that both pump users and the environment will benefit.
Guide To The Selection Of Rotodynamic Pumps
Purpose of this Guide to pump procurement
This Guide provides an introduction to the very complex subject of the selection of pumps. It is aimed at anyone who wishes to purchase or select a pump and, at the same time, wishes to save money on their energy bill. Almost invariably, this saving will be far more than the first cost of the pump. The reader may be the end user, a contractor, or a consultant. This Guide provides the reader with the basic principles of pump procurement, giving pointers to the pump type and performance they should consider. Pumps are divided into their main types, then their basic construction and performance are considered, their principal applications are described, the basic principles of pump selection are explained and, last but not least, target efficiencies are set to help minimize energy usage. The hope is that both pump users and the environment will benefit.
Pumps In Water Treatment
INTRODUCTION : 1.1 Why water treatment?
Pure water [H2O] is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid. It plays a huge part in everyday life: 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water in the form of oceans, and the rest of the planet has large quantities of water in the form of lakes, rivers and watercourses, ice and snow, and humidity, as well as the principal element of animal life (>50%) and plants (approx. 80%). When we talk about water in general, we usually mean water for some specific purpose, e.g. drinking water or process water for industry. This is where the term water treatment comes into the picture, as the available water resources or that provided by nature is not always of a suitable quality for immediate use for the specific purpose. Drinking water must be pure, and should preferably taste good too, and it must not contain substances that could cause problemswith daily use. Process water, which is water that forms a direct and important part of a process or product in industry, must have a chemical composition and temperature that is precisely suited to the specific requirements.
Pumps In Water Treatment
INTRODUCTION : 1.1 Why water treatment?
Pure water [H2O] is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid. It plays a huge part in everyday life: 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water in the form of oceans, and the rest of the planet has large quantities of water in the form of lakes, rivers and watercourses, ice and snow, and humidity, as well as the principal element of animal life (>50%) and plants (approx. 80%). When we talk about water in general, we usually mean water for some specific purpose, e.g. drinking water or process water for industry. This is where the term water treatment comes into the picture, as the available water resources or that provided by nature is not always of a suitable quality for immediate use for the specific purpose. Drinking water must be pure, and should preferably taste good too, and it must not contain substances that could cause problemswith daily use. Process water, which is water that forms a direct and important part of a process or product in industry, must have a chemical composition and temperature that is precisely suited to the specific requirements.
Centrifugal and Positive Displacement Pumps
Introduction
Centrifugal pumps basically consist of a stationary pump casing and an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The pump casing provides a pressure boundary for the pump and contains channels to properly direct the suction and discharge flow. The pump casing has suction and discharge penetrations for the main flow path of the pump and normally has small drain and vent fittings to remove gases trapped in the pump casing or to drain the pump casing for maintenance.
Figure 1 is a simplified diagram of a typical centrifugal pump that shows the relative locations of the pump suction, impeller, volute, and discharge. The pump casing guides the liquid from the suction connection to the center, or eye, of the impeller. The vanes of the rotating impeller impart a radial and rotary motion to the liquid, forcing it to the outer periphery of the pump casing where it is collected in the outer part of the pump casing called the volute. The volute is a region that expands in cross-sectional area as it wraps around the pump casing. The purpose of the volute is to collect the liquid discharged from the periphery of the impeller at high velocity and gradually cause a reduction in fluid velocity by increasing the flow area. This converts the velocity head to static pressure. The fluid is then discharged from the pump through the discharge connection.
Centrifugal and Positive Displacement Pumps
Introduction
Centrifugal pumps basically consist of a stationary pump casing and an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The pump casing provides a pressure boundary for the pump and contains channels to properly direct the suction and discharge flow. The pump casing has suction and discharge penetrations for the main flow path of the pump and normally has small drain and vent fittings to remove gases trapped in the pump casing or to drain the pump casing for maintenance.
Figure 1 is a simplified diagram of a typical centrifugal pump that shows the relative locations of the pump suction, impeller, volute, and discharge. The pump casing guides the liquid from the suction connection to the center, or eye, of the impeller. The vanes of the rotating impeller impart a radial and rotary motion to the liquid, forcing it to the outer periphery of the pump casing where it is collected in the outer part of the pump casing called the volute. The volute is a region that expands in cross-sectional area as it wraps around the pump casing. The purpose of the volute is to collect the liquid discharged from the periphery of the impeller at high velocity and gradually cause a reduction in fluid velocity by increasing the flow area. This converts the velocity head to static pressure. The fluid is then discharged from the pump through the discharge connection.
Pumps, Compressors and Seals
The most numerous types of fluid machineries are of the pump family (machines which add energy to the fluid), other important types are turbines (which extract energy from fluid). Both types are usually connected to a rotating shaft, hence also called turbomachineries. The prefix turbo- is a Latin word meaning ―spin’’ or ―whirl,’’ appropriate for rotating devices. The pump is the oldest fluid-energy-transfer device known. At least two designs date before Christ: (i) the undershot-bucket waterwheels, or norias, used in Asia and Africa (1000 B.C.) and (ii) Archimedes’ screw pump (250 B.C.), still being manufactured today to handle solid-liquid mixtures or to raise water from the hold of a ship. Paddlewheel turbines were used by the Romans in 70 B.C., and Babylonian windmills date back to 700 B.C. Since that time, many variations and applications of pumps have been developed. The power generating turbomachines (turbines) decrease the head or energy level of the working fluids passing through them and they are coupled to machines, such as electric generators, pumps, compressors etc.
Pumps, Compressors and Seals
The most numerous types of fluid machineries are of the pump family (machines which add energy to the fluid), other important types are turbines (which extract energy from fluid). Both types are usually connected to a rotating shaft, hence also called turbomachineries. The prefix turbo- is a Latin word meaning ―spin’’ or ―whirl,’’ appropriate for rotating devices. The pump is the oldest fluid-energy-transfer device known. At least two designs date before Christ: (i) the undershot-bucket waterwheels, or norias, used in Asia and Africa (1000 B.C.) and (ii) Archimedes’ screw pump (250 B.C.), still being manufactured today to handle solid-liquid mixtures or to raise water from the hold of a ship. Paddlewheel turbines were used by the Romans in 70 B.C., and Babylonian windmills date back to 700 B.C. Since that time, many variations and applications of pumps have been developed. The power generating turbomachines (turbines) decrease the head or energy level of the working fluids passing through them and they are coupled to machines, such as electric generators, pumps, compressors etc.
Centrifugal Pump Application and Optimization
Summary
Centrifugal pumps perform many important functions to control the built environment. The physics and basic mechanics of pumps have not changed substantially in the last century. However, the state of the art in the application of pumps has improved dramatically in recent years. Even so, pumps are still often not well applied, and become common targets in retrocommissioning projects where field assessment and testing can reveal significant energy savings potential from optimizing pump performance. Typically, retrocommissioning finds that pump flow rates do not match their design intent and that reducing flow rates to match load requirements or eliminating unnecessary pressure drops can save energy. As the example below illustrates, decisions made during the design phase have implications throughout the operating life of the building. Although fully optimizing any design will require some effort after installation, the prevalence and magnitude of the savings that are commonly found in retrocommissioning and ongoing commissioning begs the larger question: How much greater would the savings be if pumps were selected and applied optimally during the design phase?
Centrifugal Pump Application and Optimization
Summary
Centrifugal pumps perform many important functions to control the built environment. The physics and basic mechanics of pumps have not changed substantially in the last century. However, the state of the art in the application of pumps has improved dramatically in recent years. Even so, pumps are still often not well applied, and become common targets in retrocommissioning projects where field assessment and testing can reveal significant energy savings potential from optimizing pump performance. Typically, retrocommissioning finds that pump flow rates do not match their design intent and that reducing flow rates to match load requirements or eliminating unnecessary pressure drops can save energy. As the example below illustrates, decisions made during the design phase have implications throughout the operating life of the building. Although fully optimizing any design will require some effort after installation, the prevalence and magnitude of the savings that are commonly found in retrocommissioning and ongoing commissioning begs the larger question: How much greater would the savings be if pumps were selected and applied optimally during the design phase?
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