Introduction to Environmental Engineering
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Water In The Green Economy
Abstract
Water and its management is becoming not just a local but a global priority. The UN Rio+20 Declaration emphasises the need to establish a green economy as the means to achieving sustainable development while protecting and improving the world’s natural resources. Water is increasingly seen as a central plank of the green economy. It is embedded in all aspects of development – food security, health, and poverty reduction – and in sustaining economic growth in agriculture, industry, and energy generation.
Water In The Green Economy
Abstract
Water and its management is becoming not just a local but a global priority. The UN Rio+20 Declaration emphasises the need to establish a green economy as the means to achieving sustainable development while protecting and improving the world’s natural resources. Water is increasingly seen as a central plank of the green economy. It is embedded in all aspects of development – food security, health, and poverty reduction – and in sustaining economic growth in agriculture, industry, and energy generation.
Advances in Evaporation and Evaporative Demand
The importance of evapotranspiration is well-established in different disciplines such as hydrology, agronomy, climatology, and other geosciences. Reliable estimates of evapotranspiration are also vital to develop criteria for in-season irrigation management, water resource allocation, long-term estimates of water supply, demand and use, design and management of water resources infrastructure, and evaluation of the effect of land use and management changes on the water balance. The objective of this Special Issue is to define and discuss several ET terms, including potential, reference, and actual (crop) ET, and present a wide spectrum of innovative research papers and case studies.
Advances in Evaporation and Evaporative Demand
The importance of evapotranspiration is well-established in different disciplines such as hydrology, agronomy, climatology, and other geosciences. Reliable estimates of evapotranspiration are also vital to develop criteria for in-season irrigation management, water resource allocation, long-term estimates of water supply, demand and use, design and management of water resources infrastructure, and evaluation of the effect of land use and management changes on the water balance. The objective of this Special Issue is to define and discuss several ET terms, including potential, reference, and actual (crop) ET, and present a wide spectrum of innovative research papers and case studies.
Climate Variability and Change in the 21st Century.
Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. - Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). - Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. - Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales.
Climate Variability and Change in the 21st Century.
Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. - Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). - Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. - Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on Watersheds in a Changing Climate
The immediate goal of this Special Issue was the characterization of land uses and occupations (LULC) in watersheds and the assessment of impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. The goal was immediate because the ultimate purpose was to help bring disturbed watersheds to a better condition or a utopian sustainable status. The steps followed to attain this objective included publishing studies on the understanding of factors and variables that control hydrology and water quality changes in response to human activities. Following this first step, the Special Issue selected work that described adaption measures capable of improving the watershed condition (water availability and quality), namely LULC conversions (e.g., monocultures into agro-forestry systems). Concerning the LULC measures, however, efficacy was questioned unless supported by public programs that force consumers to participate in concomitant costs, because conversions may be viewed as an environmental service.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on Watersheds in a Changing Climate
The immediate goal of this Special Issue was the characterization of land uses and occupations (LULC) in watersheds and the assessment of impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. The goal was immediate because the ultimate purpose was to help bring disturbed watersheds to a better condition or a utopian sustainable status. The steps followed to attain this objective included publishing studies on the understanding of factors and variables that control hydrology and water quality changes in response to human activities. Following this first step, the Special Issue selected work that described adaption measures capable of improving the watershed condition (water availability and quality), namely LULC conversions (e.g., monocultures into agro-forestry systems). Concerning the LULC measures, however, efficacy was questioned unless supported by public programs that force consumers to participate in concomitant costs, because conversions may be viewed as an environmental service.
Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are a group of metals and metalloids that includes transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. When released into water, these elements have toxic effects on water quality and surface sediments, affecting environmental parameters such as pH and temperature. Therefore, metals that are harmful to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems pose a significant threat to plants, animals, and human health. As such, there is increased interest in mitigating the harmful environmental impacts of heavy metals. This book provides a comprehensive overview of heavy metals, their impacts on water, soil, food crops, and cosmetics, and techniques for their remediation. It is organized into three sections: “Heavy Metals and Their Effects on the Environment,” “Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Their Risks to Irrigation Water,” and “Remediation of Heavy Metals.
Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are a group of metals and metalloids that includes transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. When released into water, these elements have toxic effects on water quality and surface sediments, affecting environmental parameters such as pH and temperature. Therefore, metals that are harmful to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems pose a significant threat to plants, animals, and human health. As such, there is increased interest in mitigating the harmful environmental impacts of heavy metals. This book provides a comprehensive overview of heavy metals, their impacts on water, soil, food crops, and cosmetics, and techniques for their remediation. It is organized into three sections: “Heavy Metals and Their Effects on the Environment,” “Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Their Risks to Irrigation Water,” and “Remediation of Heavy Metals.
Remote Sensing of the Aquatic Environments
The book highlights recent research efforts in the monitoring of aquatic districts with remote sensing observations and proximal sensing technology integrated with laboratory measurements. Optical satellite imagery gathered at spatial resolutions down to few meters has been used for quantitative estimations of harmful algal bloom extent and Chl-a mapping, as well as winds and currents from SAR acquisitions. The knowledge and understanding gained from this book can be used for the sustainable management of bodies of water across our planet.
Remote Sensing of the Aquatic Environments
The book highlights recent research efforts in the monitoring of aquatic districts with remote sensing observations and proximal sensing technology integrated with laboratory measurements. Optical satellite imagery gathered at spatial resolutions down to few meters has been used for quantitative estimations of harmful algal bloom extent and Chl-a mapping, as well as winds and currents from SAR acquisitions. The knowledge and understanding gained from this book can be used for the sustainable management of bodies of water across our planet.
The Contributions Of The MUNA Network To CUCS Naples 2022. Proceedings Of The MUNA Sessions
The Muna Consortium (Mediterranean and Middle East University Network Agreement) was founded in 2015 and renewed in 2021, when 30 Universities coming from all Countries of Mediterranean area and some others from Middle East signed the Framework Agreement. As written in the Framework Agreement, also in this Muna space in the CUCS Conference, we propose three different main themes: MARE NOSTRUM (our Sea, the Mediterranean), PERSONA (Man) and ORBIS (the Earth), to summarize the proposals of Cooperation between Muna Network Universities. The first session is dedicated to the field of ORBIS to share the sustainability, through the biodiversity as a key element for the development of soil in different aspects as agricolture, fauna and flora sustainable management, with impact in the field of veterinary. Neverthless, a focus is also related to the inclusion and integration in the sustainable cities during this time of pandemia and migration flows with regard to the problem of clima changes in the Mediterranean area.
The Contributions Of The MUNA Network To CUCS Naples 2022. Proceedings Of The MUNA Sessions
The Muna Consortium (Mediterranean and Middle East University Network Agreement) was founded in 2015 and renewed in 2021, when 30 Universities coming from all Countries of Mediterranean area and some others from Middle East signed the Framework Agreement. As written in the Framework Agreement, also in this Muna space in the CUCS Conference, we propose three different main themes: MARE NOSTRUM (our Sea, the Mediterranean), PERSONA (Man) and ORBIS (the Earth), to summarize the proposals of Cooperation between Muna Network Universities. The first session is dedicated to the field of ORBIS to share the sustainability, through the biodiversity as a key element for the development of soil in different aspects as agricolture, fauna and flora sustainable management, with impact in the field of veterinary. Neverthless, a focus is also related to the inclusion and integration in the sustainable cities during this time of pandemia and migration flows with regard to the problem of clima changes in the Mediterranean area.
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