Introduction to PLC and SCADA Systems
Programmable logic controller
“Necessity is the mother of invention,” states a well-known quotation. In the past years, the manufacturing process was cumbersome and often the desired quantity and quality were not achieved. Since the relays and timers such as cam timers are considered mechanical devices, the lifetime of their functionality is limited and quite often they become cumbersome, especially in large applications where thousands of them are required. As the electrical relays have to be hardwired, and as many relays have to be worked with, the trouble-shooting can become complicated. The first programmable logic controller (PLC) project was created in 1968, by Bedford Associates, MA, USA, who had initiated the development of an electronic device called the
“Modular Digital Controller” for controlling the operations in an automobile assembly line in General Motors (GM). This development proved to be successful and dramatically replaced the hard-wired electrical relay systems with an electronic controller. This controller has made a significant contribution to the automation of factory assembly lines. Most of the relays and timers were built into a single controller. As of today, the programmable logic controllers deliver a wide range of functionality, including basic relay control, motion control, process control, and complex networking. They are also used in distributed control systems (DCSs).
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Design calculations establish minimum guidelines and requirements for generating electrical calculations on projects. Electrical calculations should be made for all SPU projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. Design calculations may be made either manually or by SPU-approved computer programs
Design Calculations for Electrical Design
Introduction:
Design calculations establish minimum guidelines and requirements for generating electrical calculations on projects. Electrical calculations should be made for all SPU projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. Design calculations may be made either manually or by SPU-approved computer programs
Using EDI to Meet the Needs of Pure Water Production
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This report describes the advantages of using EDI for ultrapure water production for power plant boiler makeup water and microelectronics fabrication rinse water. Operating data is presented showing the advantages of EDI for these applications.
Using EDI to Meet the Needs of Pure Water Production
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Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.
Electrodeionization versus Electrodialysis: A Clean- Up of Produced Water in Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract:
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.
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This manual gives a brief description of state-of-the-art technologies used to develop high efficiency motors, including premium efficiency induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors.
It also analyses issues that affect motor system efficiency and provides guidelines on how to deal with those issues namely by:
Selection of energy‐efficient motors
Properly sizing of motors;
Using Variable Speed Drives (VSDs), where appropriate. The use of VSDs can
lead to better process control, less wear in the mechanical equipment, less
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Energy Efficient Electric Motors Systems
Introduction:
This manual gives a brief description of state-of-the-art technologies used to develop high efficiency motors, including premium efficiency induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors.
It also analyses issues that affect motor system efficiency and provides guidelines on how to deal with those issues namely by:
Selection of energy‐efficient motors
Properly sizing of motors;
Using Variable Speed Drives (VSDs), where appropriate. The use of VSDs can
lead to better process control, less wear in the mechanical equipment, less
acoustical noise, and significant energy savings;
Optimisation of the complete system, including, the distribution network,
power quality and efficient transmissions;
Motor Systems Energy Assessments
Taking Measurements
Applying best maintenance practices.
Motor Repair
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VFD Smart Drive Technology Saving Electric Motor Energy
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■ We impact that load 30 – 50%
■ Savings can be as much as 20% to 30% on the overall bill
■ Look for 1hp and above operating at least 2,000 hrs/yr
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