PLC Troubleshooting & Maintenance

Introduction We have written 'Design Criteria for Sewers and Watermains' manual for City of Toronto staff and consulting engineers. The purpose of this manual is to ensure there is consistency in our operations. Clients—that’s you—want to be instructed in the same way each time you come to us, regardless of which office you may visit. This manual will help ensure that the information provided by staff is the same in all offices. This manual is written for City staff and consulting engineers working on capital improvement projects and for consulting engineers working for the development industry preparing engineering designs and drawings for private developments. It can also serve as a reference for third parties designing transit infrastructure, underground utilities, and any other works located within a city right-of-way, located in close proximity to City sewers and watermains. This manual takes you step by step through all the criteria you will need in the design of a sewer or watermain and the requirements for submission. If you are going to be preparing a servicing study or designing a sewer or watermain in the city of Toronto, this manual is for you. This manual is available in both print and online formats.

ABSTRACT: Most commercially available reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes are based on the thin film composite (TFC) aromatic polyamide membranes. However, they have several disadvantages including low resistance to fouling, low chemical and thermal stabilities and limited chlorine tolerance. To address these problems, advanced RO/NF membranes are being developed from polyimides for water and wastewater treatments. The following three projects have resulted from my research.