Process Design Guide for Small Wastewater Works
Process Design Guide for Small Wastewater Works
Source: https://www.wrc.org.za
Author: DJ Nozaic and SD Freese
INTRODUCTION
The official starting date of this project was 1 April 2006 and the project was scheduled for completion in May 2008. However, due to the Project Steering Committee requesting the inclusion of material that was additional to that specified in the original proposal, the completion date for the project was extended to September 2008. The motivation for conducting such a project was based on the fact that ‘A Guide to the Design of Sewage Purification Works’ was first published in 1973 by the then Southern African Branch of the Institute for Water Pollution Control (IWPC) and over the years this useful reference document has become known as the ‘Black Book’. This guide was revised and republished in 1987, the same year that the IWPC became the Institute of Water and Environmental Management and the same year in which the Water Institute of Southern Africa was formed.
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Community Public Water Systems Design Criteria
Introduction:
This publication is a revised edition of our Design Criteria for Community Public Water Systems. They have been prepared as a guide to water systems, design engineers, and our own staff. There has been no attempt to address every situation. We also know that there will be occasions when these criteria will not apply. Exceptions will be handled on an individual basis. The Tennessee Safe Drinking Water Act of 1983 requires The Department of Environment & Conservation to: "Exercise general supervision over the construction of public water systems throughout the state. Such general supervision shall include all the features of construction of public water systems which do or may affect the sanitary quality or the quantity of the water supply. No new construction shall be done nor shall any change be made in any public water system until the plans for such new construction or change have been submitted and approved by the department." (Extract of part of Section 68-221-706, Tennessee Code) Where the terms shall and must are used, it is intended to be a mandatory requirement. Other terms such as should, recommend, preferred, and the like, are intended to show desirable equipment, procedures, or methods. We encourage development of new methods and equipment. However, any new developments must be demonstrated to be satisfactory before we can approve their use. Operating data from other installations, or demonstration of the equipment by a manufacturer's representative, or both, may be needed for our review. These criteria are a compilation of information from a number of sources. The principle source, however, is Recommended Standards for Water Works, 1982 Edition. This publication is a report of "The Committee of the Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers" and is commonly known as Ten-State Standards.
Community Public Water Systems Design Criteria
Introduction:
This publication is a revised edition of our Design Criteria for Community Public Water Systems. They have been prepared as a guide to water systems, design engineers, and our own staff. There has been no attempt to address every situation. We also know that there will be occasions when these criteria will not apply. Exceptions will be handled on an individual basis. The Tennessee Safe Drinking Water Act of 1983 requires The Department of Environment & Conservation to: "Exercise general supervision over the construction of public water systems throughout the state. Such general supervision shall include all the features of construction of public water systems which do or may affect the sanitary quality or the quantity of the water supply. No new construction shall be done nor shall any change be made in any public water system until the plans for such new construction or change have been submitted and approved by the department." (Extract of part of Section 68-221-706, Tennessee Code) Where the terms shall and must are used, it is intended to be a mandatory requirement. Other terms such as should, recommend, preferred, and the like, are intended to show desirable equipment, procedures, or methods. We encourage development of new methods and equipment. However, any new developments must be demonstrated to be satisfactory before we can approve their use. Operating data from other installations, or demonstration of the equipment by a manufacturer's representative, or both, may be needed for our review. These criteria are a compilation of information from a number of sources. The principle source, however, is Recommended Standards for Water Works, 1982 Edition. This publication is a report of "The Committee of the Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers" and is commonly known as Ten-State Standards.
Design of Water Hammer Shock Absorber
Abstract:
In the piping system, water hammer or hydraulic shock is a major issue that engineers need to consider. Water hammer is a phenomenon that leads to shock waves in the fluid due to rapid closing and opening of the valve, which can affect pipes, valves and gauges in any water, gas, or oil applications due to the sudden transient event. It is there for every system that has a flow of fluid through pumping such as houses, hospitals, and influences major effectiveness in the power plant. It occurs when there is a pressure difference in the pipeline leading to a loud noise. Specifically, this project is aimed to design a pipeline system and develop solutions to reduce the water hammer using a shock absorber. The main idea of the design project is to design a water hammer system using a shock absorber in order to reduce the shock waves of the pipes.
Design of Water Hammer Shock Absorber
Abstract:
In the piping system, water hammer or hydraulic shock is a major issue that engineers need to consider. Water hammer is a phenomenon that leads to shock waves in the fluid due to rapid closing and opening of the valve, which can affect pipes, valves and gauges in any water, gas, or oil applications due to the sudden transient event. It is there for every system that has a flow of fluid through pumping such as houses, hospitals, and influences major effectiveness in the power plant. It occurs when there is a pressure difference in the pipeline leading to a loud noise. Specifically, this project is aimed to design a pipeline system and develop solutions to reduce the water hammer using a shock absorber. The main idea of the design project is to design a water hammer system using a shock absorber in order to reduce the shock waves of the pipes.
Design of Reverse Osmosis Process For The Purification Of River Water In The Southern Belt Of Bangladesh
Introduction
Abundance and quality water supply is essential for all living species. Sustainable agriculture and industrial production need steady supply of freshwater. In many parts of the today’s world, desalination plays a vital role for sustaining human habitation besides the existing conventional water treatment technologies. Membrane based RO process has become a popular method to supply the fresh water from seawater and brackish water in different regions. RO (Figure 1) is a pressure driven process which under pressure reverses the flow direction of the solvent (in the opposite direction of osmosis process). Substantial efforts have been made by researchers on freshwater production (Sassi, 2012) and wastewater treatment (Stoller et al., 2016) using the RO. Rapid growth of membrane desalination processes enhanced the removal of ionic contaminants (Sassi and Mujtaba, 2013), pharmaceutical active compounds (Gur-Reznik et al., 2011) and other types of effluents from chemical, petrochemical, electrochemical, food, paper and tanning industries. Demineralised water can be supplied to several industries by treating the saline water using the RO process. However, there are limited studies on the production of demineralised water. Demineralised water is completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals (Kremser et al. 2006) which has total dissolved solids (TDS) as low as 1 mg/l. Kremser et al. (2006) described operating experience on demineralized water plant.
In this work, RO based desalination process is considered using three stages described by (Sassi, 2012) as shown in Figure 1. The plant nominal operating and design parameters (of commercial Film Tec spiral wound RO membrane elements) are taken from Abbas (2005). Firstly, the model prediction is validated against those reported by Sassi and Mujtaba (2010). Secondly, an optimization problem incorporating a process model is formulated to optimize the design and operating parameters in order to minimize specific energy consumption and the results are compared with Sassi (2012). Since those models (Sassi, 2012) are validated for freshwater production, the model parameters such as (water and salt permeability coefficients) needs to be updated for demineralised water. A structure of the RO network is developed based on RO network (two-stage seawater pass and two-stage brackish water pass). Different parameters are updated for the model from the literature.
Design of Reverse Osmosis Process For The Purification Of River Water In The Southern Belt Of Bangladesh
Introduction
Abundance and quality water supply is essential for all living species. Sustainable agriculture and industrial production need steady supply of freshwater. In many parts of the today’s world, desalination plays a vital role for sustaining human habitation besides the existing conventional water treatment technologies. Membrane based RO process has become a popular method to supply the fresh water from seawater and brackish water in different regions. RO (Figure 1) is a pressure driven process which under pressure reverses the flow direction of the solvent (in the opposite direction of osmosis process). Substantial efforts have been made by researchers on freshwater production (Sassi, 2012) and wastewater treatment (Stoller et al., 2016) using the RO. Rapid growth of membrane desalination processes enhanced the removal of ionic contaminants (Sassi and Mujtaba, 2013), pharmaceutical active compounds (Gur-Reznik et al., 2011) and other types of effluents from chemical, petrochemical, electrochemical, food, paper and tanning industries. Demineralised water can be supplied to several industries by treating the saline water using the RO process. However, there are limited studies on the production of demineralised water. Demineralised water is completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals (Kremser et al. 2006) which has total dissolved solids (TDS) as low as 1 mg/l. Kremser et al. (2006) described operating experience on demineralized water plant.
In this work, RO based desalination process is considered using three stages described by (Sassi, 2012) as shown in Figure 1. The plant nominal operating and design parameters (of commercial Film Tec spiral wound RO membrane elements) are taken from Abbas (2005). Firstly, the model prediction is validated against those reported by Sassi and Mujtaba (2010). Secondly, an optimization problem incorporating a process model is formulated to optimize the design and operating parameters in order to minimize specific energy consumption and the results are compared with Sassi (2012). Since those models (Sassi, 2012) are validated for freshwater production, the model parameters such as (water and salt permeability coefficients) needs to be updated for demineralised water. A structure of the RO network is developed based on RO network (two-stage seawater pass and two-stage brackish water pass). Different parameters are updated for the model from the literature.
Chapter 3. Activated Carbon Columns Plant Design
Maybe, the first question that we have to ask ourselves is related to the decision of an adsorprtion process using activated carbon for the removal of micro pollutants is efficient. The theory says that the adsorbability of an organic molecule increases with increasing molecular weight and decreasing solubility and polarity. This means that high molecular weight compounds with low solubility, such as most pesticides, are well adsorbed, so the first idea is plenty justified.
Chapter 3. Activated Carbon Columns Plant Design
Maybe, the first question that we have to ask ourselves is related to the decision of an adsorprtion process using activated carbon for the removal of micro pollutants is efficient. The theory says that the adsorbability of an organic molecule increases with increasing molecular weight and decreasing solubility and polarity. This means that high molecular weight compounds with low solubility, such as most pesticides, are well adsorbed, so the first idea is plenty justified.
Guidelines For Wastewater Reuse In Agriculture And Aquaculture
There has been an increasing interest in reuse of wastewater in agriculture over the last few decades due to increased demand for freshwater. Population growth, increased per capita use of water, the demands of industry and of the agricultural sector all put pressure on water resources. Treatment of wastewater provides an effluent of sufficient quality that it should be put to beneficial use and not wasted (Asano, 1998). The reuse of wastewater has been
successful for irrigation of a wide array of crops, and increases in crop yields from 10-30% have been reported (cited in Asano, 1998). In addition, the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation and industrial purposes can be used as strategy to release freshwater for domestic use, and to improve the quality of river waters used for abstraction of drinking water (by reducing disposal of effluent into rivers).
Guidelines For Wastewater Reuse In Agriculture And Aquaculture
There has been an increasing interest in reuse of wastewater in agriculture over the last few decades due to increased demand for freshwater. Population growth, increased per capita use of water, the demands of industry and of the agricultural sector all put pressure on water resources. Treatment of wastewater provides an effluent of sufficient quality that it should be put to beneficial use and not wasted (Asano, 1998). The reuse of wastewater has been
successful for irrigation of a wide array of crops, and increases in crop yields from 10-30% have been reported (cited in Asano, 1998). In addition, the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation and industrial purposes can be used as strategy to release freshwater for domestic use, and to improve the quality of river waters used for abstraction of drinking water (by reducing disposal of effluent into rivers).
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