Sustainable Consumer Behavior

Introduction: This publication forms part of a series looking at Citywide Inclusive Sanitation in terms of three closely related requirements for achieving safe, inclusive and sustainable urban sanitation: clear responsibility, strong accountability, and fit-for-purpose resource planning and management (Figure 1). Responsibility defines what entity has a mandate to deliver a service. Accountability mechanisms are then required to make sure that mandated responsibilities are fulfilled. Effective resource planning and management are required to so that mandated entities are sufficiently resourced to be able to fulfil their mandate. These three functions(responsibility, accountability, resource planning and management) are introduced in three short initial publications released in May 2021. This paper is one of three complementary publications that explain these functions in more detail, on the basis of specific case studies: this publication focuses on resource planning and management.

Introduction   The Standard Bidding Document for the Procurement of Works–Small Contracts (SBD Works-Small) has been prepared by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for use in contracts involving “smaller” contracts—valued at generally less than $10 million by open competitive bidding. It is based on the Master Document for Procurement of Small Works, prepared by multilateral development banks and international financing institutions. It reflects the structure and the provisions of the Master Document, except where specific considerations within ADB have required a change. The SBD Works-Small follows a postqualification procedure that requires Bidders to submit the information pertaining to their qualifications together with their bids. In this event, it will be necessary to ensure that a Bidder’s risk of having its bid rejected on grounds of qualification is remote if due diligence is exercised by the Bidder during bid preparation. For that purpose, clear-cut, pass-fail qualification criteria need to be specified by the Employer in both the Invitation for Bids as well as the Bidding Document to enable Bidders to make an informed decision on whether to pursue a specific contract and, either to do so as a single entity or in Joint Venture. Postqualification criteria, requirements, and relevant forms for submission are covered in Section 3 (Evaluation and Qualification Criteria) and Section 4 (Bidding Forms). The SBD Works-Small is intended for both lump sum (activity schedule) and admeasurement (unit prices in a bill of quantities) types of contract, which are the most common in civil works contracting. Lump sum contracts are used particularly for building construction and other forms of construction where the works are well defined and are unlikely to change in quantity or specification, and where it is unlikely to encounter difficult or unforeseen site conditions (for example, hidden foundation problems). Otherwise, admeasurement contracts should be used. The main text is applicable to both types of contracts (lump sum and admeasurement). Fixed prices are provided as a default unless price adjustment is allowed and indicated in Section 2 (Bid Data Sheet). An important feature of the SBD Works-Small, which is only available in electronic format on the ADB website, is that it can be used with minimum changes, as it does not contain explanations, footnotes, or examples that should not form part of the Bidding Document. The provisions in Section 1 (Instructions to Bidders) and Section 7 (General Conditions of Contract) must be used with their text unchanged. This user’s guide is provided to guide employers in preparing a bidding document based on the SBD Works-Small for a single-stage: one-envelope bidding procedure. This guide includes the Bidding Process and the Invitation for Bids, which are not part of the Bidding Document. ADB welcomes any feedback or experiences from both Borrowers and Bidders on the use of its Standard Bidding Document. For information on procurement under ADB-financed projects, contact