Valves

Introduction Cavitation has been a familiar phenomenon for a long time particularly in shipping. In 1917, the British physicist Lord Rayleigh was asked to investigate what caused fast-rotating ship propellers to erode so quickly. He discovered that the effect of cavitation, already proved in experiments by Reynolds in 1894, was the source of the problem. Despite numerous investigations into the subject of cavitation in the years that followed, many of the accompanying effects have still not yet been completely explained. This is no wonder considering the complexity of the process involving the areas of acoustics, hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, optics, plasma physics and chemistry. Cavitation can be caused in a fluid by energy input. For example, a laser beam creates a plasma in liquids which causes the liquid to evaporate creating a cavity. Ultrasonic waves can be used to induce complex high-frequency alternating compression and rarefaction phases in liquids which cause cavitation. In this way, cavitation effects can be applied usefully for cleaning surfaces, for non-invasive operations in the field of medicine and for breaking down agglomerates in the textile finishing industry. In sewage treatment plants, cavitation is used to break down molecules and bacteria cell walls, break up pollutants and dissolve out minerals from organic material Furthermore, cavitation can arise in hydrodynamic flows when the pressure drops. This effect is, however, regarded to be a destructive phenomenon for the most part. In addition to pump rotors, control valves are particularly exposed to this problem since the static pressure at the vena contracta even at moderate operating conditions can reach levels sufficient for cavitation to start occurring in liquids.

INTRODUCTION  In process systems, the final control element is normally a pneumatically actuated control valve, which is used to pneumatically actuated control valve, which is used to regulate the flow of a fluid. It provides the necessary power to translate the controller to translate the controller s' output to the process output to the process. Pneumatics is used because of the original popularity of pneumatic control systems and the comparatively low pneumatic control systems and the comparatively low operating pressures used, also for safe operation in the hazards facilities hazards facilities.  As shown in the figure, in the basic components of a control loop, the control valve is subject to the harshest conditions. A control valve is also the most expensive item and the most prone to incorrect selection.