Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)
Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)
Source: https://www.cedengineering.com
Edited by: Elie Tawil, P.E., LEED AP
Scope and Criteria.
This appendix is intended to provide basic information on the principles of operation of VFD’s, description of different types of VFD’s, guidance on the proper application of VFD’s, and installation guidelines to ensure successful operation of VFD’s. Over the last few years, the VFD has become one of the most effective motor controllers available for varying the speed of squirrel-cage induction motors. VFD’s save energy, reduce electrical consumption, enhance equipment performance, are highly reliable, and have become affordable. Much of the material presented in this Appendix was developed by Mr. Solomon S. Turkel, Senior Instructor and Course Author for Advanced Technologies Marketing and Service (ATMS) Inc., Baltimore, MD.
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Concept of SCADA System
SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
❑ Data Acquisition :
Gathers information from widely distributed processes
❑ Supervisory Control :
Calculate and give limited control instructions to distant process facilities
Concept of SCADA System
SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
❑ Data Acquisition :
Gathers information from widely distributed processes
❑ Supervisory Control :
Calculate and give limited control instructions to distant process facilities
Wastewater Treatment Plants Automation Master Plan
Introduction:
The City of Winnipeg has initiated a program to perform upgrades to the wastewater treatment systems at the NEWPCC, SEWPCC, and WEWPCC facilities. As part of these upgrades, automation systems are required for process control and monitoring. These automation systems must be installed to provide effective monitoring and control of the wastewater treatment processes. There are many methods of implementing an automation system, and the purpose of this document is to provide an overall strategy for automation installations that are consistent with the City’s needs. It is expected that this document will form the basis for future design work.
Wastewater Treatment Plants Automation Master Plan
Introduction:
The City of Winnipeg has initiated a program to perform upgrades to the wastewater treatment systems at the NEWPCC, SEWPCC, and WEWPCC facilities. As part of these upgrades, automation systems are required for process control and monitoring. These automation systems must be installed to provide effective monitoring and control of the wastewater treatment processes. There are many methods of implementing an automation system, and the purpose of this document is to provide an overall strategy for automation installations that are consistent with the City’s needs. It is expected that this document will form the basis for future design work.
Electrical Advanced-Level Training
Introduction:
This training is recommended for inspectors performing component design bases inspections (CDBIs) or other detailed inspections of electrical systems. Inspectors with demonstrated experience may be grandfathered in the completion of this training, if approved by the division director.
Completion of technical proficiency-level training (Appendix C in IMC 1245) is strongly recommended before beginning this training. You may complete the requirements in this training standard along with the general proficiency requirements contained in Appendix B and
the technical proficiency requirements in Appendix C.
Objectives of Advanced-Level Training This training focuses on the activities necessary to fully develop individuals as lead or “experts” in the electrical inspection area. It is not the intent that all certified inspectors will complete all of the ISAs in this advanced appendix. In addition, this appendix should also be viewed as an inspector’s aid and could be used during an inspection to assist in inspecting a particular area.
Electrical Advanced-Level Training
Introduction:
This training is recommended for inspectors performing component design bases inspections (CDBIs) or other detailed inspections of electrical systems. Inspectors with demonstrated experience may be grandfathered in the completion of this training, if approved by the division director.
Completion of technical proficiency-level training (Appendix C in IMC 1245) is strongly recommended before beginning this training. You may complete the requirements in this training standard along with the general proficiency requirements contained in Appendix B and
the technical proficiency requirements in Appendix C.
Objectives of Advanced-Level Training This training focuses on the activities necessary to fully develop individuals as lead or “experts” in the electrical inspection area. It is not the intent that all certified inspectors will complete all of the ISAs in this advanced appendix. In addition, this appendix should also be viewed as an inspector’s aid and could be used during an inspection to assist in inspecting a particular area.
Using EDI to Meet the Needs of Pure Water Production
Summary
This report describes the advantages of using EDI for ultrapure water production for power plant boiler makeup water and microelectronics fabrication rinse water. Operating data is presented showing the advantages of EDI for these applications.
Using EDI to Meet the Needs of Pure Water Production
Summary
This report describes the advantages of using EDI for ultrapure water production for power plant boiler makeup water and microelectronics fabrication rinse water. Operating data is presented showing the advantages of EDI for these applications.
Electrodeionization versus Electrodialysis: A Clean- Up of Produced Water in Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract:
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.
Electrodeionization versus Electrodialysis: A Clean- Up of Produced Water in Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract:
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.
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