Vibration Handbook Fundamentals – Transducers – Measurement Methods
Vibration Handbook Fundamentals – Transducers – Measurement Methods
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SCADA Systems Hardware(And FirmWare)
. Introduction
This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of DCS systems. The terms Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Distributed Control System (DCS), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), and Smart Instrument are defined and placed in the context used in this manual. The chapter is split into the following sections:
Definitions of the terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and smart instrument
Remote terminal unit (RTU) structure
PLCs used as RTUs
System reliability and availability
Communication architectures and philosophies
Typical considerations in configuration of a master station
SCADA Systems Hardware(And FirmWare)
. Introduction
This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of DCS systems. The terms Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Distributed Control System (DCS), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), and Smart Instrument are defined and placed in the context used in this manual. The chapter is split into the following sections:
Definitions of the terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and smart instrument
Remote terminal unit (RTU) structure
PLCs used as RTUs
System reliability and availability
Communication architectures and philosophies
Typical considerations in configuration of a master station
Using EDI to Meet the Needs of Pure Water Production
Summary
This report describes the advantages of using EDI for ultrapure water production for power plant boiler makeup water and microelectronics fabrication rinse water. Operating data is presented showing the advantages of EDI for these applications.
Using EDI to Meet the Needs of Pure Water Production
Summary
This report describes the advantages of using EDI for ultrapure water production for power plant boiler makeup water and microelectronics fabrication rinse water. Operating data is presented showing the advantages of EDI for these applications.
Design Calculations for Electrical Design
Introduction:
Design calculations establish minimum guidelines and requirements for generating electrical calculations on projects. Electrical calculations should be made for all SPU projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. Design calculations may be made either manually or by SPU-approved computer programs
Design Calculations for Electrical Design
Introduction:
Design calculations establish minimum guidelines and requirements for generating electrical calculations on projects. Electrical calculations should be made for all SPU projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. Design calculations may be made either manually or by SPU-approved computer programs
Electrodeionization versus Electrodialysis: A Clean- Up of Produced Water in Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract:
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.
Electrodeionization versus Electrodialysis: A Clean- Up of Produced Water in Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract:
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.
Electrical Temperature Measurement
Electrical temperature measurement
The measurement of temperature is of special importance in numerous processes, with around 45% of all required measurement points associated with temperature. Applications include smelting, chemical reactions, food processing, energy measurement, and air conditioning. The applications mentioned are so very different, as are the service requirements imposed on the temperature sensors, their principle of operation, and their technical construction. In industrial processes, the measurement point is often a long way from the indication point; this may be demanded by the process conditions, with smelting and annealing furnaces, for example, or because central data acquisition is required. Often there is a requirement for further processing of the measurements in controllers or recorders.
The direct-reading thermometers familiar to us all in our everyday life are unsuitable for these applications; devices are needed that convert temperature into another form, an electrical signal. Incidentally, these electrical transducers are still referred to as thermometers, although, strictly speaking, what is meant is the transducer, comprising the sensor element and its surrounding protection fitting. In industrial electrical temperature measurement, pyrometers, resistance thermometers, and thermocouples are in common use. There are other measurement systems, such as oscillating quartz sensors and fiber-optic systems that have not yet found a wide application in the industry
Electrical Temperature Measurement
Electrical temperature measurement
The measurement of temperature is of special importance in numerous processes, with around 45% of all required measurement points associated with temperature. Applications include smelting, chemical reactions, food processing, energy measurement, and air conditioning. The applications mentioned are so very different, as are the service requirements imposed on the temperature sensors, their principle of operation, and their technical construction. In industrial processes, the measurement point is often a long way from the indication point; this may be demanded by the process conditions, with smelting and annealing furnaces, for example, or because central data acquisition is required. Often there is a requirement for further processing of the measurements in controllers or recorders.
The direct-reading thermometers familiar to us all in our everyday life are unsuitable for these applications; devices are needed that convert temperature into another form, an electrical signal. Incidentally, these electrical transducers are still referred to as thermometers, although, strictly speaking, what is meant is the transducer, comprising the sensor element and its surrounding protection fitting. In industrial electrical temperature measurement, pyrometers, resistance thermometers, and thermocouples are in common use. There are other measurement systems, such as oscillating quartz sensors and fiber-optic systems that have not yet found a wide application in the industry
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