Water And Environment
Credit to: https://www.americangeosciences.org/
Authors: Stephen J. Vandas, Thomas C. Winter, William A. Battaglin
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Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering
Tunnel construction is expensive when compared to the construction of other
engineering structures. Detailed surveys indicate that the cost of a tunnel support
system ranges between 30 and 50 percent of the total project cost, and can sometimes
reach upwards of 70 percent. Currently, theoretical studies and experiences
obtained from large projects indicate that costs can be reduced by increasing the
efficiency of rock load estimation and support design. In other words, the selection
of a support system or systems suitable for rock mass conditions encountered during
construction processes plays an important role in reducing project costs. Methods
based on rock-support interaction introduce rational solutions for economical and
safe tunneling because they provide a good combination of design and construction
processes.
Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering
Tunnel construction is expensive when compared to the construction of other
engineering structures. Detailed surveys indicate that the cost of a tunnel support
system ranges between 30 and 50 percent of the total project cost, and can sometimes
reach upwards of 70 percent. Currently, theoretical studies and experiences
obtained from large projects indicate that costs can be reduced by increasing the
efficiency of rock load estimation and support design. In other words, the selection
of a support system or systems suitable for rock mass conditions encountered during
construction processes plays an important role in reducing project costs. Methods
based on rock-support interaction introduce rational solutions for economical and
safe tunneling because they provide a good combination of design and construction
processes.
Water In The Green Economy
Abstract
Water and its management is becoming not just a local but a global priority. The UN Rio+20 Declaration emphasises the need to establish a green economy as the means to achieving sustainable development while protecting and improving the world’s natural resources. Water is increasingly seen as a central plank of the green economy. It is embedded in all aspects of development – food security, health, and poverty reduction – and in sustaining economic growth in agriculture, industry, and energy generation.
Water In The Green Economy
Abstract
Water and its management is becoming not just a local but a global priority. The UN Rio+20 Declaration emphasises the need to establish a green economy as the means to achieving sustainable development while protecting and improving the world’s natural resources. Water is increasingly seen as a central plank of the green economy. It is embedded in all aspects of development – food security, health, and poverty reduction – and in sustaining economic growth in agriculture, industry, and energy generation.
Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are a group of metals and metalloids that includes transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. When released into water, these elements have toxic effects on water quality and surface sediments, affecting environmental parameters such as pH and temperature. Therefore, metals that are harmful to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems pose a significant threat to plants, animals, and human health. As such, there is increased interest in mitigating the harmful environmental impacts of heavy metals. This book provides a comprehensive overview of heavy metals, their impacts on water, soil, food crops, and cosmetics, and techniques for their remediation. It is organized into three sections: “Heavy Metals and Their Effects on the Environment,” “Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Their Risks to Irrigation Water,” and “Remediation of Heavy Metals.
Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are a group of metals and metalloids that includes transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. When released into water, these elements have toxic effects on water quality and surface sediments, affecting environmental parameters such as pH and temperature. Therefore, metals that are harmful to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems pose a significant threat to plants, animals, and human health. As such, there is increased interest in mitigating the harmful environmental impacts of heavy metals. This book provides a comprehensive overview of heavy metals, their impacts on water, soil, food crops, and cosmetics, and techniques for their remediation. It is organized into three sections: “Heavy Metals and Their Effects on the Environment,” “Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Their Risks to Irrigation Water,” and “Remediation of Heavy Metals.
Tackle Environmental Challenges in Pollution Controls Using Artificial Intelligence: A Review
This review presents the developments in artificial intelligence technologies for environmental pollution controls. A number of AI approaches, which start with the reliable mapping of nonlinear behavior between inputs and outputs in chemical and biological processes in terms of prediction models to the emerging optimization and control algorithms that study the pollutants removal processes and intelligent control systems, have been developed for environmental clean-ups. The characteristics, advantages and limitations of AI methods, including single and hybrid AI methods, were overviewed. Hybrid AI methods exhibited synergistic effects, but with computational heaviness.
Tackle Environmental Challenges in Pollution Controls Using Artificial Intelligence: A Review
This review presents the developments in artificial intelligence technologies for environmental pollution controls. A number of AI approaches, which start with the reliable mapping of nonlinear behavior between inputs and outputs in chemical and biological processes in terms of prediction models to the emerging optimization and control algorithms that study the pollutants removal processes and intelligent control systems, have been developed for environmental clean-ups. The characteristics, advantages and limitations of AI methods, including single and hybrid AI methods, were overviewed. Hybrid AI methods exhibited synergistic effects, but with computational heaviness.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on Watersheds in a Changing Climate
The immediate goal of this Special Issue was the characterization of land uses and occupations (LULC) in watersheds and the assessment of impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. The goal was immediate because the ultimate purpose was to help bring disturbed watersheds to a better condition or a utopian sustainable status. The steps followed to attain this objective included publishing studies on the understanding of factors and variables that control hydrology and water quality changes in response to human activities. Following this first step, the Special Issue selected work that described adaption measures capable of improving the watershed condition (water availability and quality), namely LULC conversions (e.g., monocultures into agro-forestry systems). Concerning the LULC measures, however, efficacy was questioned unless supported by public programs that force consumers to participate in concomitant costs, because conversions may be viewed as an environmental service.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on Watersheds in a Changing Climate
The immediate goal of this Special Issue was the characterization of land uses and occupations (LULC) in watersheds and the assessment of impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. The goal was immediate because the ultimate purpose was to help bring disturbed watersheds to a better condition or a utopian sustainable status. The steps followed to attain this objective included publishing studies on the understanding of factors and variables that control hydrology and water quality changes in response to human activities. Following this first step, the Special Issue selected work that described adaption measures capable of improving the watershed condition (water availability and quality), namely LULC conversions (e.g., monocultures into agro-forestry systems). Concerning the LULC measures, however, efficacy was questioned unless supported by public programs that force consumers to participate in concomitant costs, because conversions may be viewed as an environmental service.
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