Abstract
Water and its management is becoming not just a local but a global priority. The UN Rio+20 Declaration emphasises the need to establish a green economy as the means to achieving sustainable development while protecting and improving the world’s natural resources. Water is increasingly seen as a central plank of the green economy. It is embedded in all aspects of development – food security, health, and poverty reduction – and in sustaining economic growth in agriculture, industry, and energy generation.
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Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on Watersheds in a Changing Climate
The immediate goal of this Special Issue was the characterization of land uses and occupations (LULC) in watersheds and the assessment of impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. The goal was immediate because the ultimate purpose was to help bring disturbed watersheds to a better condition or a utopian sustainable status. The steps followed to attain this objective included publishing studies on the understanding of factors and variables that control hydrology and water quality changes in response to human activities. Following this first step, the Special Issue selected work that described adaption measures capable of improving the watershed condition (water availability and quality), namely LULC conversions (e.g., monocultures into agro-forestry systems). Concerning the LULC measures, however, efficacy was questioned unless supported by public programs that force consumers to participate in concomitant costs, because conversions may be viewed as an environmental service.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on Watersheds in a Changing Climate
The immediate goal of this Special Issue was the characterization of land uses and occupations (LULC) in watersheds and the assessment of impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. The goal was immediate because the ultimate purpose was to help bring disturbed watersheds to a better condition or a utopian sustainable status. The steps followed to attain this objective included publishing studies on the understanding of factors and variables that control hydrology and water quality changes in response to human activities. Following this first step, the Special Issue selected work that described adaption measures capable of improving the watershed condition (water availability and quality), namely LULC conversions (e.g., monocultures into agro-forestry systems). Concerning the LULC measures, however, efficacy was questioned unless supported by public programs that force consumers to participate in concomitant costs, because conversions may be viewed as an environmental service.
Critical Zone (CZ) Export to Streams as Indicator for CZ Structure and Function
The goal of this Research Topic on streams as indicators for CZ structure and function is to explore linkages between biotic and abiotic weathering, soil biogeochemical processes, chemical and physical denudation and hydrology within the CZ. The CZ spans from the top of the vegetative canopy to the actively cycled groundwater providing life sustaining ecosystem services. However, rapid population growth and global climate change during the Anthropocene poses challenges to the Earth’s CZ which is pushed to balance increased demand (e.g. crop yield) while maintaining the CZ’s natural structure and other important ecosystem functions. Streams represent an integrator of many processes within the CZ and can thus carry the first signals of changing CZ health. As an important component of the CZ system, streams provide important information on hydrological, biogeochemical, and denudation fluxes, allowing a glimpse into the past, present and potential future of CZ function. The foci of recent stream water investigations include the role of catchment processes, riparian zone dynamics, hyporheic zone contributions and instream cycling to investigate nutrient dynamics, weathering and denudation, and hydrological partitioning. We now would like to expand this view conceptually to include the CZ.
Critical Zone (CZ) Export to Streams as Indicator for CZ Structure and Function
The goal of this Research Topic on streams as indicators for CZ structure and function is to explore linkages between biotic and abiotic weathering, soil biogeochemical processes, chemical and physical denudation and hydrology within the CZ. The CZ spans from the top of the vegetative canopy to the actively cycled groundwater providing life sustaining ecosystem services. However, rapid population growth and global climate change during the Anthropocene poses challenges to the Earth’s CZ which is pushed to balance increased demand (e.g. crop yield) while maintaining the CZ’s natural structure and other important ecosystem functions. Streams represent an integrator of many processes within the CZ and can thus carry the first signals of changing CZ health. As an important component of the CZ system, streams provide important information on hydrological, biogeochemical, and denudation fluxes, allowing a glimpse into the past, present and potential future of CZ function. The foci of recent stream water investigations include the role of catchment processes, riparian zone dynamics, hyporheic zone contributions and instream cycling to investigate nutrient dynamics, weathering and denudation, and hydrological partitioning. We now would like to expand this view conceptually to include the CZ.
Watershed Water Environment And Hydrology Under The Influence Of Anthropogenic And Natural Processes
The major aims of this book, “Watershed Water Environment and Hydrology under the Influence of Anthropogenic and Natural Processes”, are to focus on innovative/new ideas on the watershed water environment from different perspectives across the field; distinguish the evolution of watershed water ecological and environmental quality; clarify the biogeochemical cycling of elements or pollutants; identify and quantify the sources of pollutants; and assess the ecological risk and human health risk of pollutants in the water environment at different watershed scales. In particular, eight peer-reviewed articles were collected, mainly reporting the hydrochemistry-based watershed weathering processes and their environmental implications, trace elements and their risks, and the nutrients cycle in river–reservoir systems. Overall, these papers contribute to several aspects of the watershed water environment and are valuable for river water resource protection and management.
Watershed Water Environment And Hydrology Under The Influence Of Anthropogenic And Natural Processes
The major aims of this book, “Watershed Water Environment and Hydrology under the Influence of Anthropogenic and Natural Processes”, are to focus on innovative/new ideas on the watershed water environment from different perspectives across the field; distinguish the evolution of watershed water ecological and environmental quality; clarify the biogeochemical cycling of elements or pollutants; identify and quantify the sources of pollutants; and assess the ecological risk and human health risk of pollutants in the water environment at different watershed scales. In particular, eight peer-reviewed articles were collected, mainly reporting the hydrochemistry-based watershed weathering processes and their environmental implications, trace elements and their risks, and the nutrients cycle in river–reservoir systems. Overall, these papers contribute to several aspects of the watershed water environment and are valuable for river water resource protection and management.
Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering
Tunnel construction is expensive when compared to the construction of other
engineering structures. Detailed surveys indicate that the cost of a tunnel support
system ranges between 30 and 50 percent of the total project cost, and can sometimes
reach upwards of 70 percent. Currently, theoretical studies and experiences
obtained from large projects indicate that costs can be reduced by increasing the
efficiency of rock load estimation and support design. In other words, the selection
of a support system or systems suitable for rock mass conditions encountered during
construction processes plays an important role in reducing project costs. Methods
based on rock-support interaction introduce rational solutions for economical and
safe tunneling because they provide a good combination of design and construction
processes.
Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering
Tunnel construction is expensive when compared to the construction of other
engineering structures. Detailed surveys indicate that the cost of a tunnel support
system ranges between 30 and 50 percent of the total project cost, and can sometimes
reach upwards of 70 percent. Currently, theoretical studies and experiences
obtained from large projects indicate that costs can be reduced by increasing the
efficiency of rock load estimation and support design. In other words, the selection
of a support system or systems suitable for rock mass conditions encountered during
construction processes plays an important role in reducing project costs. Methods
based on rock-support interaction introduce rational solutions for economical and
safe tunneling because they provide a good combination of design and construction
processes.
Design Development of a Novel Sour Water Stripper
Sour water units are integral units in the refineries Proposed vapor compression design offers: Hot utilities reduction of 90%, Cold utilities reduction of 22%, TAC reduction by 52%.
Design Development of a Novel Sour Water Stripper
Sour water units are integral units in the refineries Proposed vapor compression design offers: Hot utilities reduction of 90%, Cold utilities reduction of 22%, TAC reduction by 52%.
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