Water Scarcity in Singapore Pushes ′Toilet to Tap′ Concept

Abstract Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are scrutinized by Environmental Authorities particularly regarding the compliance to discharge limit values fixed by national and local regulations. An integrated approach is necessary to achieve the objectives established with Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) considering the ecological status of the receiving water body and the quality of the discharge. Specifically, documentary, technical, management and analytical controls should be developed. Moreover, integrative information on the behaviour of the activated sludge in the aeration tank can be useful for plant managers as well as for the regulating Authorities. The study presents the experience concerning WWTP regulation considering the analytic assessment of the discharge as well the monitoring of the Sludge Biotic Index (SBI) for activated sludge. Data from monitoring during the period 2008–14 on SBI values and chemical and microbiological data on the discharges of a sample of 35 WWTPs in the province of Venice (north-east Italy, Veneto region) are presented and discussed. Together with chemical and microbiological analysis, the SBI appears to be a highly useful index for the integrative assessment of plant functionality, in particular when monitoring and identifying critical situations that can determine the exceedance of discharge limit values. The SBI method, in an integrated control approach, can be used for small and medium sized WWTPs that only treat domestic wastewaters. In a case by case assessment this may even substitute part of the analytical monitoring carried out in the WWTPs' control process.

Due to water shortage, wastewater reuse has gained great importance in many parts of the world. Wastewater reuse practices have become valuable source in water resources management. As an independent source of water, reclaimed water can increase the reliability of water supply. Reclaimed wastewater requires effective measures to protect public health and the environment. Strong wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations are developed for the purpose. It is difficult to establish wastewater guidelines and regulations that can suit all regions in the world. Among the broad reasons for this as limiting factors, are economics of countries relating chosen treatment technologies and additionally, the local context of a region must be taken into consideration in settings. Almost all wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations are bacteriological-based. Some of them consider biochemical parameters. In this lesson you will comprehend the importance as well as the necessity of setting wastewater reuse guidelines and regulations. You will be aware of arising problems for getting universal valid standards. You will get an overview of guidelines and regulations existing worldwide and regionally.

The objective of this presentation is to: • Introduce Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS), including mechanisms for formation and benefits • Present performance data for a Nereda® SBR pilot • AECOM’s continuous-flow granular sludge process for BNR infra-stretching or footprint reductions

This book provides an overview of the most studied AOPs, some of which are largely implemented for water remediation. The fundamental principles, kinetic modeling, water quality impact on process performance, byproduct formation, economics, examples of research and pilot studies, full-scale applications and future research needs are discussed for each advanced oxidation process.