Forward Osmosis As A Pre-Treatment To Reverse Osmosis
Osmotically driven membrane processes (ODMPs) or forward osmosis (FO) processes may not currently be ‘main stream’, but it is apparent that they are increasingly becoming a topic of some interest. National Geographic [1] in an article in April 2010 cited it as one of the three most promising new desalination technologies and at the last IDA World Congress in Perth, Australia in September 2011, six papers were published on this subject. In the Journal of Membrane Science the number of papers published has seen a very significant increase over the last three years (24 in 2012), showing the increasing level of academic interest. We have also seen the emergence of a number of commercial organizations with significant funding to develop and exploit the technology, such as Modern Water plc, Oasis Water Inc, Hydration Technology Innovations Inc and StatKraft AS.
Forward Osmosis As A Pre-Treatment To Reverse Osmosis
Osmotically driven membrane processes (ODMPs) or forward osmosis (FO) processes may not currently be ‘main stream’, but it is apparent that they are increasingly becoming a topic of some interest. National Geographic [1] in an article in April 2010 cited it as one of the three most promising new desalination technologies and at the last IDA World Congress in Perth, Australia in September 2011, six papers were published on this subject. In the Journal of Membrane Science the number of papers published has seen a very significant increase over the last three years (24 in 2012), showing the increasing level of academic interest. We have also seen the emergence of a number of commercial organizations with significant funding to develop and exploit the technology, such as Modern Water plc, Oasis Water Inc, Hydration Technology Innovations Inc and StatKraft AS.
Forward Osmosis for the Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Concentrate from Water Reclamation Process Performance and Fouling Control
Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) is considered to be an obstacle in the production of high quality water from water reclamation and desalination plants using dense membrane systems. It normally comprises 10-30% of the feed water of water reclamation plants and 50-75% of the feed water from sea water desalination plants. While coastal water reclamation plants have the opportunity to discharge the RO concentrate directly into the ocean, inland facilities depend on controversial options such as surface water discharge, evaporation ponds, deep well injection and land applications. However, all these options are not sustainable or environmentally friendly. Therefore methods for proper disposal of RO concentrate especially for inland plants are urgently required.
Forward Osmosis for the Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Concentrate from Water Reclamation Process Performance and Fouling Control
Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) is considered to be an obstacle in the production of high quality water from water reclamation and desalination plants using dense membrane systems. It normally comprises 10-30% of the feed water of water reclamation plants and 50-75% of the feed water from sea water desalination plants. While coastal water reclamation plants have the opportunity to discharge the RO concentrate directly into the ocean, inland facilities depend on controversial options such as surface water discharge, evaporation ponds, deep well injection and land applications. However, all these options are not sustainable or environmentally friendly. Therefore methods for proper disposal of RO concentrate especially for inland plants are urgently required.
Forward Osmosis-2017
Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that, like reverse osmosis (RO), uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. In contrast, the reverse osmosis process uses hydraulic pressure as the driving force for separation, which serves to counteract the osmotic pressure gradient that would otherwise favor water flux from the permeate to the feed. Hence significantly more energy is required for reverse osmosis compared to forward osmosis.
Forward Osmosis-2017
Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that, like reverse osmosis (RO), uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a "draw" solution of high concentration (relative to that of the feed solution), is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. In contrast, the reverse osmosis process uses hydraulic pressure as the driving force for separation, which serves to counteract the osmotic pressure gradient that would otherwise favor water flux from the permeate to the feed. Hence significantly more energy is required for reverse osmosis compared to forward osmosis.
Terms And Equations Of Reverse Osmosis
There is a set of terms and equations used to define the parameters governing transport across a membrane. This paper presents the concepts of Reverse Osmosis and the equations used to describe them.
Terms And Equations Of Reverse Osmosis
There is a set of terms and equations used to define the parameters governing transport across a membrane. This paper presents the concepts of Reverse Osmosis and the equations used to describe them.
Technical Application Bulletin Boron Removal by Hydranautics RO Membranes
The desalination of seawater by reverse osmosis is increasingly being utilized to obtain water for industrial, agricultural and potable uses. Hydranautics seawater membranes are producing over one million cubic meters of fresh water every day throughout the world. The level of total dissolved solids (TDS) in seawater can range from 30,000 mg/L in the Gulf of Mexico to 45,000 mg/L in the Persian Gulf. Seawater’s high level of TDS is composed primarily of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), and other monovalent and divalent ions which are well rejected by the reverse osmosis membrane. But seawater also contains approximately 5 mg/L of boron (B) which, due to its size and charge, is not well rejected by reverse osmosis. Boron has increasingly become a concern in recent years due to its adverse effects on agriculture at concentrations as low as 1 mg/L. Additionally, because the human health effects of boron are under investigation and not yet fully understood, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a maximum concentration of 0.5 mg/L1
Technical Application Bulletin Boron Removal by Hydranautics RO Membranes
The desalination of seawater by reverse osmosis is increasingly being utilized to obtain water for industrial, agricultural and potable uses. Hydranautics seawater membranes are producing over one million cubic meters of fresh water every day throughout the world. The level of total dissolved solids (TDS) in seawater can range from 30,000 mg/L in the Gulf of Mexico to 45,000 mg/L in the Persian Gulf. Seawater’s high level of TDS is composed primarily of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), and other monovalent and divalent ions which are well rejected by the reverse osmosis membrane. But seawater also contains approximately 5 mg/L of boron (B) which, due to its size and charge, is not well rejected by reverse osmosis. Boron has increasingly become a concern in recent years due to its adverse effects on agriculture at concentrations as low as 1 mg/L. Additionally, because the human health effects of boron are under investigation and not yet fully understood, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a maximum concentration of 0.5 mg/L1
