Pumps & Mechanical
Failure Of Mechanical Shaft Seals
Failure of the mechanical shaft seal is the most common cause of pump downtime. The shaft
seal is exposed to widely varying operating conditions. Sometimes operating conditions
change to become quite different from the specific conditions for which the seal was intended.
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Pumps, Compressors and Seals
The most numerous types of fluid machineries are of the pump family (machines which add energy to the fluid), other important types are turbines (which extract energy from fluid). Both types are usually connected to a rotating shaft, hence also called turbomachineries. The prefix turbo- is a Latin word meaning ―spin’’ or ―whirl,’’ appropriate for rotating devices. The pump is the oldest fluid-energy-transfer device known. At least two designs date before Christ: (i) the undershot-bucket waterwheels, or norias, used in Asia and Africa (1000 B.C.) and (ii) Archimedes’ screw pump (250 B.C.), still being manufactured today to handle solid-liquid mixtures or to raise water from the hold of a ship. Paddlewheel turbines were used by the Romans in 70 B.C., and Babylonian windmills date back to 700 B.C. Since that time, many variations and applications of pumps have been developed. The power generating turbomachines (turbines) decrease the head or energy level of the working fluids passing through them and they are coupled to machines, such as electric generators, pumps, compressors etc.
Pumps, Compressors and Seals
The most numerous types of fluid machineries are of the pump family (machines which add energy to the fluid), other important types are turbines (which extract energy from fluid). Both types are usually connected to a rotating shaft, hence also called turbomachineries. The prefix turbo- is a Latin word meaning ―spin’’ or ―whirl,’’ appropriate for rotating devices. The pump is the oldest fluid-energy-transfer device known. At least two designs date before Christ: (i) the undershot-bucket waterwheels, or norias, used in Asia and Africa (1000 B.C.) and (ii) Archimedes’ screw pump (250 B.C.), still being manufactured today to handle solid-liquid mixtures or to raise water from the hold of a ship. Paddlewheel turbines were used by the Romans in 70 B.C., and Babylonian windmills date back to 700 B.C. Since that time, many variations and applications of pumps have been developed. The power generating turbomachines (turbines) decrease the head or energy level of the working fluids passing through them and they are coupled to machines, such as electric generators, pumps, compressors etc.
Centrifugal Pump Training
Objectives
Understand pump fundamentals
Understand the probable root causes of degradation or failure associated with various pump problems
Understand the state-of-the-art technologies to upgrade existing designs to achieve improved operation and life
Learn how to determine where a pump is operating and how to modify its performance to achieve optimum performance
Centrifugal Pump Training
Objectives
Understand pump fundamentals
Understand the probable root causes of degradation or failure associated with various pump problems
Understand the state-of-the-art technologies to upgrade existing designs to achieve improved operation and life
Learn how to determine where a pump is operating and how to modify its performance to achieve optimum performance
Chapter Two Reciprocating Compressors Construction Details
Reciprocating Compressors Construction Details
In general, materials for the construction of the compressor and auxiliaries are normally the manufacturer's standard for the specified operating conditions except as required by the datasheet or certain specifications.
Chapter Two Reciprocating Compressors Construction Details
Reciprocating Compressors Construction Details
In general, materials for the construction of the compressor and auxiliaries are normally the manufacturer's standard for the specified operating conditions except as required by the datasheet or certain specifications.
Centrifugal and Positive Displacement Pumps
Introduction
Centrifugal pumps basically consist of a stationary pump casing and an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The pump casing provides a pressure boundary for the pump and contains channels to properly direct the suction and discharge flow. The pump casing has suction and discharge penetrations for the main flow path of the pump and normally has small drain and vent fittings to remove gases trapped in the pump casing or to drain the pump casing for maintenance.
Figure 1 is a simplified diagram of a typical centrifugal pump that shows the relative locations of the pump suction, impeller, volute, and discharge. The pump casing guides the liquid from the suction connection to the center, or eye, of the impeller. The vanes of the rotating impeller impart a radial and rotary motion to the liquid, forcing it to the outer periphery of the pump casing where it is collected in the outer part of the pump casing called the volute. The volute is a region that expands in cross-sectional area as it wraps around the pump casing. The purpose of the volute is to collect the liquid discharged from the periphery of the impeller at high velocity and gradually cause a reduction in fluid velocity by increasing the flow area. This converts the velocity head to static pressure. The fluid is then discharged from the pump through the discharge connection.
Centrifugal and Positive Displacement Pumps
Introduction
Centrifugal pumps basically consist of a stationary pump casing and an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The pump casing provides a pressure boundary for the pump and contains channels to properly direct the suction and discharge flow. The pump casing has suction and discharge penetrations for the main flow path of the pump and normally has small drain and vent fittings to remove gases trapped in the pump casing or to drain the pump casing for maintenance.
Figure 1 is a simplified diagram of a typical centrifugal pump that shows the relative locations of the pump suction, impeller, volute, and discharge. The pump casing guides the liquid from the suction connection to the center, or eye, of the impeller. The vanes of the rotating impeller impart a radial and rotary motion to the liquid, forcing it to the outer periphery of the pump casing where it is collected in the outer part of the pump casing called the volute. The volute is a region that expands in cross-sectional area as it wraps around the pump casing. The purpose of the volute is to collect the liquid discharged from the periphery of the impeller at high velocity and gradually cause a reduction in fluid velocity by increasing the flow area. This converts the velocity head to static pressure. The fluid is then discharged from the pump through the discharge connection.
Chapter One Introduction To Reciprocating Compressors
Introduction
Compressors are used whenever it is necessary to flow gas from a low-pressure system to a higher-pressure system. Flash gas from low-pressure vessels used for multi-stage stabilization of liquids, oil treating, water treating, etc.; often exists at too low a pressure to flow into the gas sales pipeline. Sometimes this gas is used as fuel, and them the remainder is flared or vented. In many instances, it is economically attractive to compress this gas to a high enough pressure so it can be sold. Compression may also be required for environmental reasons. Flash gas that might otherwise be flared may be compressed for sales or gas produced with oil (associated gas) may be compressed for re-injection to avoid, flaring or to help maintain reservoir pressure. In some marginal gas fields, and in many larger gas fields that experience a decline in flowing pressure with time, it may be economical to allow the wells to flow at surface pressures below that required for gas sales. In such cases, a booster compressor (one where the ratio of discharge to suction pressure is low) may be installed. Booster compressors are also used on long pipelines to restore pressure drop lost to friction. The use of large compressors is probably more prevalent in oil field facilities than in gas field facilities. Oil wells often require low flowing surface pressures and the gas that flashes off the oil in the separator must be compressed. Often, natural gas is, injected into the tubing of the well to lighten the column of liquid and reduce downhole pressure. This "gas lift" gas is produced back with good fluids at low pressure. Compressors are used so the lift gas can be recirculated and
Chapter One Introduction To Reciprocating Compressors
Introduction
Compressors are used whenever it is necessary to flow gas from a low-pressure system to a higher-pressure system. Flash gas from low-pressure vessels used for multi-stage stabilization of liquids, oil treating, water treating, etc.; often exists at too low a pressure to flow into the gas sales pipeline. Sometimes this gas is used as fuel, and them the remainder is flared or vented. In many instances, it is economically attractive to compress this gas to a high enough pressure so it can be sold. Compression may also be required for environmental reasons. Flash gas that might otherwise be flared may be compressed for sales or gas produced with oil (associated gas) may be compressed for re-injection to avoid, flaring or to help maintain reservoir pressure. In some marginal gas fields, and in many larger gas fields that experience a decline in flowing pressure with time, it may be economical to allow the wells to flow at surface pressures below that required for gas sales. In such cases, a booster compressor (one where the ratio of discharge to suction pressure is low) may be installed. Booster compressors are also used on long pipelines to restore pressure drop lost to friction. The use of large compressors is probably more prevalent in oil field facilities than in gas field facilities. Oil wells often require low flowing surface pressures and the gas that flashes off the oil in the separator must be compressed. Often, natural gas is, injected into the tubing of the well to lighten the column of liquid and reduce downhole pressure. This "gas lift" gas is produced back with good fluids at low pressure. Compressors are used so the lift gas can be recirculated and
Pumps In Water Treatment
INTRODUCTION : 1.1 Why water treatment?
Pure water [H2O] is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid. It plays a huge part in everyday life: 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water in the form of oceans, and the rest of the planet has large quantities of water in the form of lakes, rivers and watercourses, ice and snow, and humidity, as well as the principal element of animal life (>50%) and plants (approx. 80%). When we talk about water in general, we usually mean water for some specific purpose, e.g. drinking water or process water for industry. This is where the term water treatment comes into the picture, as the available water resources or that provided by nature is not always of a suitable quality for immediate use for the specific purpose. Drinking water must be pure, and should preferably taste good too, and it must not contain substances that could cause problemswith daily use. Process water, which is water that forms a direct and important part of a process or product in industry, must have a chemical composition and temperature that is precisely suited to the specific requirements.
Pumps In Water Treatment
INTRODUCTION : 1.1 Why water treatment?
Pure water [H2O] is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid. It plays a huge part in everyday life: 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water in the form of oceans, and the rest of the planet has large quantities of water in the form of lakes, rivers and watercourses, ice and snow, and humidity, as well as the principal element of animal life (>50%) and plants (approx. 80%). When we talk about water in general, we usually mean water for some specific purpose, e.g. drinking water or process water for industry. This is where the term water treatment comes into the picture, as the available water resources or that provided by nature is not always of a suitable quality for immediate use for the specific purpose. Drinking water must be pure, and should preferably taste good too, and it must not contain substances that could cause problemswith daily use. Process water, which is water that forms a direct and important part of a process or product in industry, must have a chemical composition and temperature that is precisely suited to the specific requirements.
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