Water systems piping consists of pipes, valves, fittings, pumps, and associated appurtenances that make up water transportation systems. These systems may be used to transport fresh water or nonpotable water at room temperatures or at elevated temperatures. In this chapter we will discuss the physical properties of water and how pressure drop due to friction is calculated using the various formulas.
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Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts
This course is about measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure in a closed conduit. The closed conduit is often circular, but also may be square or rectangular (such as a heating duct) or any other shape. The other major category of flow is open channel flow, which is the flow of a liquid with a free surface open to atmospheric pressure. Measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure, is carried out for a variety of purposes, such as billing for water supply to homes or businesses or, for monitoring or process control of a wide variety of industrial processes that involve flowing fluids. Several categories of pipe flow measurement devices will be described and discussed, including some associated calculations.
Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts
This course is about measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure in a closed conduit. The closed conduit is often circular, but also may be square or rectangular (such as a heating duct) or any other shape. The other major category of flow is open channel flow, which is the flow of a liquid with a free surface open to atmospheric pressure. Measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure, is carried out for a variety of purposes, such as billing for water supply to homes or businesses or, for monitoring or process control of a wide variety of industrial processes that involve flowing fluids. Several categories of pipe flow measurement devices will be described and discussed, including some associated calculations.
Corrosion Mitigation of Metal & Concrete Pipes and Structures
Purpose:
This document has been prepared to provide instruction and information on how South East Water (SEW) achieves the design life of its assets through prudent corrosion control measures. While this document outlines the standards which apply to each risk control and may provide some general information and reinforcement of critical aspects of each standard, it is not intended that this document replicate technical information contained in the standards.
Corrosion Mitigation of Metal & Concrete Pipes and Structures
Purpose:
This document has been prepared to provide instruction and information on how South East Water (SEW) achieves the design life of its assets through prudent corrosion control measures. While this document outlines the standards which apply to each risk control and may provide some general information and reinforcement of critical aspects of each standard, it is not intended that this document replicate technical information contained in the standards.
Inspect New Piping
Piping systems are like arteries and veins in the oil industry. Piping systems comprise of pipes, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves etc. They also include pipe hangers, supporting elements and other items necessary to prevent over pressurization and over stressing of the pressure containing components. Hence, one can say that pipe section when fitted with valves and other mechanical equipment and properly supported by hangers and supports are called piping.
Inspect New Piping
Piping systems are like arteries and veins in the oil industry. Piping systems comprise of pipes, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves etc. They also include pipe hangers, supporting elements and other items necessary to prevent over pressurization and over stressing of the pressure containing components. Hence, one can say that pipe section when fitted with valves and other mechanical equipment and properly supported by hangers and supports are called piping.
Considerations in the Hydraulic Design of Pipelines
The report summarises the findings of pipe reviews which were conducted during the research project
and highlights the following actions which should be considered during the hydraulic design of
pipelines :
• Review and incorporate available recorded hydraulic performance data of pipelines in the region in the design of new infrastructure;
• Include the secondary energy loss associated with the dimensional details of the couplings in the calculation of the energy loss in the pipeline;
• Use the proposed BRM (biofilm resistance model) to calculate a representative roughness for biofouled pipelines;
• Implement the proposed procedure to determine the remaining useful life of pipelines to be able to prioritize the upgrading or replacement of system components; and
• Provide monitoring points for the initial, continuous or intermittent hydraulic assessment of the pipeline.
Considerations in the Hydraulic Design of Pipelines
The report summarises the findings of pipe reviews which were conducted during the research project
and highlights the following actions which should be considered during the hydraulic design of
pipelines :
• Review and incorporate available recorded hydraulic performance data of pipelines in the region in the design of new infrastructure;
• Include the secondary energy loss associated with the dimensional details of the couplings in the calculation of the energy loss in the pipeline;
• Use the proposed BRM (biofilm resistance model) to calculate a representative roughness for biofouled pipelines;
• Implement the proposed procedure to determine the remaining useful life of pipelines to be able to prioritize the upgrading or replacement of system components; and
• Provide monitoring points for the initial, continuous or intermittent hydraulic assessment of the pipeline.
Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts Course
This course is about measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure in a closed conduit. This course is intended primarily for mechanical, civil and chemical, environmental, and industrial engineers. Someone completing this course will gain knowledge about twelve different types of meters for measuring fluid flow rate in a closed conduit. They will learn about typical calculations for differential pressure meters and pitot tubes. They will learn the general principles of operation for each type and general advantages and disadvantages of each.
Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts Course
This course is about measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure in a closed conduit. This course is intended primarily for mechanical, civil and chemical, environmental, and industrial engineers. Someone completing this course will gain knowledge about twelve different types of meters for measuring fluid flow rate in a closed conduit. They will learn about typical calculations for differential pressure meters and pitot tubes. They will learn the general principles of operation for each type and general advantages and disadvantages of each.
Basic Pipe Stress Analysis Tutorial
It is common practice worldwide for piping designers to route piping by considering mainly space, process and flow constraints (such as pressure drop) and other requirements arising from constructability, operability and reparability. Unfortunately, pipe stress analysis requirements are often not sufficiently considered while routing and supporting piping systems, especially in providing adequate flexibility to absorb expansion/contraction of pipes due to thermal loads. So, when “as designed” piping systems are handed-off to pipe stress engineers for detailed analysis, they soon realize that the systems are “stiff” and suggest routing changes to make the systems more flexible. The piping designers, in turn, make changes to routing and send the revised layout to the pipe stress engineers to check for compliance again. Such “back and forth” design iterations between layout and stress departments continue until a suitable layout and support scheme is arrived at, resulting in significant increase in project execution time, which, in turn, increases project costs. This delay in project execution is further worsened in recent years by increased operating pressures and temperatures in order to increase plant output; increased operating pressures increase pipe wall thicknesses, which, in turn, increase piping stiffnesses further. Such increased operating temperatures applied on “stiffer” systems increase pipe thermal stresses and support loads. So, it is all the more important to make the piping layout flexible at the time of routing.
Basic Pipe Stress Analysis Tutorial
It is common practice worldwide for piping designers to route piping by considering mainly space, process and flow constraints (such as pressure drop) and other requirements arising from constructability, operability and reparability. Unfortunately, pipe stress analysis requirements are often not sufficiently considered while routing and supporting piping systems, especially in providing adequate flexibility to absorb expansion/contraction of pipes due to thermal loads. So, when “as designed” piping systems are handed-off to pipe stress engineers for detailed analysis, they soon realize that the systems are “stiff” and suggest routing changes to make the systems more flexible. The piping designers, in turn, make changes to routing and send the revised layout to the pipe stress engineers to check for compliance again. Such “back and forth” design iterations between layout and stress departments continue until a suitable layout and support scheme is arrived at, resulting in significant increase in project execution time, which, in turn, increases project costs. This delay in project execution is further worsened in recent years by increased operating pressures and temperatures in order to increase plant output; increased operating pressures increase pipe wall thicknesses, which, in turn, increase piping stiffnesses further. Such increased operating temperatures applied on “stiffer” systems increase pipe thermal stresses and support loads. So, it is all the more important to make the piping layout flexible at the time of routing.
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