Earthing & Lightning Protection System

Introduction:  This manual gives a brief description of state-of-the-art technologies used to develop high efficiency motors, including premium efficiency induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors. It also analyses issues that affect motor system efficiency and provides guidelines on how to deal with those issues namely by:  Selection of energy‐efficient motors  Properly sizing of motors;  Using Variable Speed Drives (VSDs), where appropriate. The use of VSDs can lead to better process control, less wear in the mechanical equipment, less acoustical noise, and significant energy savings;  Optimisation of the complete system, including, the distribution network, power quality and efficient transmissions;  Motor Systems Energy Assessments  Taking Measurements  Applying best maintenance practices.  Motor Repair  How to win approval for energy efficiency projects  Energy Management Systems

Abstract: Electrodeionization (EDI) is a widely studied process ranging from applications in wastewater clean-up in the food and beverage industry to purifying organic compounds. To date, there are no apparent studies on applying this technology to produced wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracking sites. Water consumption within hydraulic fracturing sites can reach in the upwards of millions of gallons per site, so a need for a water recycling process becomes necessary within areas where water requirements are scarce. Implementation of an EDI module that is capable of handling high salt solutions from produced wastewater in subsequent fracturing practices will decrease overall water demands, making this an environmentally sustainable process as well. This study will focus on the selective removal of high concentrations of ions using ion-selective membranes and ion exchange wafers in Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) of hydraulic fracturing solutions for improved water recovery and reuse within industrial applications. Experiments were performed using a WE-EDI setup with varied wafer composition and thickness in comparison with electrodialysis for selective removal of divalent ions (Ca2+) over monovalent ions (Na+ ) from simulated and fracking solutions. Research sought to show that when increasing the wafer thickness and changing the composition (weak acid compared to strong acid resins) there would be a greater overall current efficiency observed and subsequently lower power consumption. This research concluded that there is some degree of enhanced selectivity with increased wafer size, as well as varied composition compared to a traditional ED system. Continued research is recommended to conclude uncertainties, eliminate areas of system performance error and to further solidify all hypothesizes within this research.

 Basic terms related to temperature  Different scales conversion  Basic temperature measuring techniques  RTD’s and its application  Thermocouples and their applications  Comparison between RTDs and Thermocouples  State the effect on the indicated temperature for failures, open circuits, and short circuit

Introduction: Design calculations establish minimum guidelines and requirements for generating electrical calculations on projects. Electrical calculations should be made for all SPU projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. Design calculations may be made either manually or by SPU-approved computer programs

Electric Motors Use 70% of the World’s Power   ■ We impact that load 30 – 50%   ■ Savings can be as much as 20% to 30% on the overall bill   ■ Look for 1hp and above operating at least 2,000 hrs/yr