Electrical Installation Guide 2013 According To IEC International Standards

Electrical temperature measurement The measurement of temperature is of special importance in numerous processes, with around 45% of all required measurement points associated with temperature. Applications include smelting, chemical reactions, food processing, energy measurement, and air conditioning. The applications mentioned are so very different, as are the service requirements imposed on the temperature sensors, their principle of operation, and their technical construction. In industrial processes, the measurement point is often a long way from the indication point; this may be demanded by the process conditions, with smelting and annealing furnaces, for example, or because central data acquisition is required. Often there is a requirement for further processing of the measurements in controllers or recorders. The direct-reading thermometers familiar to us all in our everyday life are unsuitable for these applications; devices are needed that convert temperature into another form, an electrical signal. Incidentally, these electrical transducers are still referred to as thermometers, although, strictly speaking, what is meant is the transducer, comprising the sensor element and its surrounding protection fitting. In industrial electrical temperature measurement, pyrometers, resistance thermometers, and thermocouples are in common use. There are other measurement systems, such as oscillating quartz sensors and fiber-optic systems that have not yet found a wide application in the industry

Introduction:  This manual gives a brief description of state-of-the-art technologies used to develop high efficiency motors, including premium efficiency induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors. It also analyses issues that affect motor system efficiency and provides guidelines on how to deal with those issues namely by:  Selection of energy‐efficient motors  Properly sizing of motors;  Using Variable Speed Drives (VSDs), where appropriate. The use of VSDs can lead to better process control, less wear in the mechanical equipment, less acoustical noise, and significant energy savings;  Optimisation of the complete system, including, the distribution network, power quality and efficient transmissions;  Motor Systems Energy Assessments  Taking Measurements  Applying best maintenance practices.  Motor Repair  How to win approval for energy efficiency projects  Energy Management Systems