Sand Filters Operation & Maintanence Guide
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Basic Math Concepts for Water and Wastewater Operators
Topics
General review of fundamentals
Hierarchy of operations
Manipulating equations
Fractions, Decimals, Percent
Data Management - averaging
Unit/dimensional analysis and conversion factors
Electricity
Temperature
Basic Math Concepts for Water and Wastewater Operators
Topics
General review of fundamentals
Hierarchy of operations
Manipulating equations
Fractions, Decimals, Percent
Data Management - averaging
Unit/dimensional analysis and conversion factors
Electricity
Temperature
Design Criteria For Sewers And Watermains
Introduction
We have written 'Design Criteria for Sewers and Watermains' manual for City of Toronto staff and consulting engineers. The purpose of this manual is to ensure there is consistency in our operations. Clients—that’s you—want to be instructed in the same way each time you come to us, regardless of which office you may visit. This manual will help ensure that the information provided by staff is the same in all offices.
This manual is written for City staff and consulting engineers working on capital improvement projects and for consulting engineers working for the development industry preparing engineering designs and drawings for private developments. It can also serve as a reference for third parties designing transit infrastructure, underground utilities, and any other works located within a city right-of-way, located in close proximity to City sewers and watermains. This manual takes you step by step through all the criteria you will need in the design of a sewer or watermain and the requirements for submission. If you are going to be preparing a servicing study or designing a sewer or watermain in the city of Toronto, this manual is for you. This manual is available in both print and online formats.
Design Criteria For Sewers And Watermains
Introduction
We have written 'Design Criteria for Sewers and Watermains' manual for City of Toronto staff and consulting engineers. The purpose of this manual is to ensure there is consistency in our operations. Clients—that’s you—want to be instructed in the same way each time you come to us, regardless of which office you may visit. This manual will help ensure that the information provided by staff is the same in all offices.
This manual is written for City staff and consulting engineers working on capital improvement projects and for consulting engineers working for the development industry preparing engineering designs and drawings for private developments. It can also serve as a reference for third parties designing transit infrastructure, underground utilities, and any other works located within a city right-of-way, located in close proximity to City sewers and watermains. This manual takes you step by step through all the criteria you will need in the design of a sewer or watermain and the requirements for submission. If you are going to be preparing a servicing study or designing a sewer or watermain in the city of Toronto, this manual is for you. This manual is available in both print and online formats.
Design Of Aerobic Granular Sludge Reactors
Introduction
Since several years, conventional wastewater treatment has been dealing with low volumetric loading rates and a high energy consumption (Van Haandel & Van der Lubbe, 2007; Pronk et al., 2017). Especially with the increasing standard of living and an increasing amount of households connected to a sewage system constant improvements are needed (Vlaamse milieumaatschappij, 2019a). The question arises how these challenges can be met in an efficient way. Over the past 20 years, aerobic granular sludge is presented as a promising technology to meet these challenges. Conventional activated sludge flocs, i.e. suspended microorganisms forming bulky aggregates, are converted into compact aerobic granules. This results in 25-75% less land area, 20-50% less energy and up to 7-17% less costs compared to conventional activated sludge plants (Pronk et al, 2017). The conventional use of aerobic granular sludge is in batch systems, but continuous systems are under research as well (Jahn et al., 2019).
The aim of this thesis is to gain further insight in continuous processes with aerobic granular sludge. Given that the current continuous systems are not depreciated, yet cannot meet the demand for higher treatment capacity, continuous aerobic granular sludge systems seem promising. Better settleability of granules could lead to higher biomass concentrations in the existing continuous systems, possibly resulting in a higher treatment capacity. Before researching how to get stable granules in a continuous flow reactor, it is needed to investigate the overall effect of granules on the performance of continuous reactors. In this thesis it is questioned if refurbishment of the current continuous activated sludge plants into continuous aerobic granular sludge plants would be advantageous in terms of treatment capacity and energy consumption, in order to meet the effluent criteria. This was investigated by developing the comparison between continuous systems with activated sludge and with aerobic granular sludge. The comparative study is obtained in different steps. In the literature review, a state-of-the-art on current wastewater treatment with activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge is given. Both the typical aerobic granular sludge implementation in batch systems and perspectives on aerobic granular sludge in continuous systems are discussed and compared based on literature findings. The chapter ‘Materials and methods’ describes the mathematical model based on the Benchmark Simulations Model No. 1 (BSM1) in Matlab-Simulink. A continuous activated sludge system serves as the reference model. Furthermore, this model is adapted to make it representable as a continuous
design with aerobic granular sludge based on two characteristics: better settleability and diffusion limitation.
In the chapter ‘Results and discussion’, the differences between both continuous systems are elucidated to answer the research question. Both the maximal treatment capacity and energy consumption in order to meet the effluent criteria were calculated and compared for both systems. Conclusions are summarized in the chapter ‘General conclusions’ and ‘Recommendations for further research’ are given.
Design Of Aerobic Granular Sludge Reactors
Introduction
Since several years, conventional wastewater treatment has been dealing with low volumetric loading rates and a high energy consumption (Van Haandel & Van der Lubbe, 2007; Pronk et al., 2017). Especially with the increasing standard of living and an increasing amount of households connected to a sewage system constant improvements are needed (Vlaamse milieumaatschappij, 2019a). The question arises how these challenges can be met in an efficient way. Over the past 20 years, aerobic granular sludge is presented as a promising technology to meet these challenges. Conventional activated sludge flocs, i.e. suspended microorganisms forming bulky aggregates, are converted into compact aerobic granules. This results in 25-75% less land area, 20-50% less energy and up to 7-17% less costs compared to conventional activated sludge plants (Pronk et al, 2017). The conventional use of aerobic granular sludge is in batch systems, but continuous systems are under research as well (Jahn et al., 2019).
The aim of this thesis is to gain further insight in continuous processes with aerobic granular sludge. Given that the current continuous systems are not depreciated, yet cannot meet the demand for higher treatment capacity, continuous aerobic granular sludge systems seem promising. Better settleability of granules could lead to higher biomass concentrations in the existing continuous systems, possibly resulting in a higher treatment capacity. Before researching how to get stable granules in a continuous flow reactor, it is needed to investigate the overall effect of granules on the performance of continuous reactors. In this thesis it is questioned if refurbishment of the current continuous activated sludge plants into continuous aerobic granular sludge plants would be advantageous in terms of treatment capacity and energy consumption, in order to meet the effluent criteria. This was investigated by developing the comparison between continuous systems with activated sludge and with aerobic granular sludge. The comparative study is obtained in different steps. In the literature review, a state-of-the-art on current wastewater treatment with activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge is given. Both the typical aerobic granular sludge implementation in batch systems and perspectives on aerobic granular sludge in continuous systems are discussed and compared based on literature findings. The chapter ‘Materials and methods’ describes the mathematical model based on the Benchmark Simulations Model No. 1 (BSM1) in Matlab-Simulink. A continuous activated sludge system serves as the reference model. Furthermore, this model is adapted to make it representable as a continuous
design with aerobic granular sludge based on two characteristics: better settleability and diffusion limitation.
In the chapter ‘Results and discussion’, the differences between both continuous systems are elucidated to answer the research question. Both the maximal treatment capacity and energy consumption in order to meet the effluent criteria were calculated and compared for both systems. Conclusions are summarized in the chapter ‘General conclusions’ and ‘Recommendations for further research’ are given.
Drinking Water Operator Certification Training Module #24 Gas Chlorination
Learning Objectives
. Explain the purpose of chlorination.
. Describe the two forms of chlorine.
. Describe the properties of liquid chlorine and gaseous chlorine.
. Explain how chlorine reacts in aqueous solutions.
. Read and explain chlorine reaction equations.
Drinking Water Operator Certification Training Module #24 Gas Chlorination
Learning Objectives
. Explain the purpose of chlorination.
. Describe the two forms of chlorine.
. Describe the properties of liquid chlorine and gaseous chlorine.
. Explain how chlorine reacts in aqueous solutions.
. Read and explain chlorine reaction equations.
Flexible Design and Operation of Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Desalination Process Subject to Variable Fouling and Variable Freshwater Demand
Abstract:
This work describes how the design and operation parameters of the Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination process are optimised when the process is subject to variation in seawater temperature, fouling and freshwater demand throughout the day. A simple polynomial based dynamic seawater temperature and variable freshwater demand correlations are developed based on actual data which are incorporated in the MSF mathematical model using gPROMS models builder 3.0.3. In addition, a fouling model based on stage temperature is considered. The fouling and the effect of noncondensable gases are incorporated into the calculation of overall heat transfer co-efficient for condensers. Finally, an optimisation problem is developed where the total daily operating cost of the MSF process is minimised by optimising the design (no of stages) and the operating (seawater rejected flowrate and brine recycle flowrate) parameters.
Flexible Design and Operation of Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Desalination Process Subject to Variable Fouling and Variable Freshwater Demand
Abstract:
This work describes how the design and operation parameters of the Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination process are optimised when the process is subject to variation in seawater temperature, fouling and freshwater demand throughout the day. A simple polynomial based dynamic seawater temperature and variable freshwater demand correlations are developed based on actual data which are incorporated in the MSF mathematical model using gPROMS models builder 3.0.3. In addition, a fouling model based on stage temperature is considered. The fouling and the effect of noncondensable gases are incorporated into the calculation of overall heat transfer co-efficient for condensers. Finally, an optimisation problem is developed where the total daily operating cost of the MSF process is minimised by optimising the design (no of stages) and the operating (seawater rejected flowrate and brine recycle flowrate) parameters.
Water Treatment Continuing Education Professional Development Course
Water Treatment CEU Training Course
Water Distribution, Well Drillers, Pump Installers, Water Treatment Operators. The target audience for this course is anyone interested in working in a water treatment or distribution facility, wishing to maintain CEUs for a certification license, learn how to do the job safely and effectively and/or to meet education needs for promotion. This short CEU course will cover the fundamentals of water treatment beginning with the source of water and ending with the disinfection and distribution, making sure it meets federal compliance. Task Analysis and Training Needs Assessments have been conducted to determine or set Needs-To-Know for this course. The following is a listing of some of those who have conducted extensive valid studies from which TLC has based this program upon: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ), the Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ) and the American Boards of Certification (ABC).
Water Treatment Continuing Education Professional Development Course
Water Treatment CEU Training Course
Water Distribution, Well Drillers, Pump Installers, Water Treatment Operators. The target audience for this course is anyone interested in working in a water treatment or distribution facility, wishing to maintain CEUs for a certification license, learn how to do the job safely and effectively and/or to meet education needs for promotion. This short CEU course will cover the fundamentals of water treatment beginning with the source of water and ending with the disinfection and distribution, making sure it meets federal compliance. Task Analysis and Training Needs Assessments have been conducted to determine or set Needs-To-Know for this course. The following is a listing of some of those who have conducted extensive valid studies from which TLC has based this program upon: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ), the Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ) and the American Boards of Certification (ABC).
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