Operation & Maintenance
Theory and Operation of Purification Systems
Introduction
Purification is an important part of any synthesis gas generation plant, and this is no different for an Ammonia plant. Because of the large volumes of hydrocarbon feedstock processed even small traces of poisons exit the purification system will have a significant cumulative effect on the performance of downstream catalysts. It is therefore extremely important to completely purify the feedstock before it is further processed to achieve the long catalyst lives and hence production runs needed for economic operation. As such the importance of the good operation, monitoring and maintenance of the purification system can not be understated.
The purpose of this paper is to,
• Detail some fundamentals about purification chemistry,
• Detail the principles of the operation of purification,
• Discuss some common operating problems.
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.
Related books
Design Of Advanced Reverse Osmosis And Nanofiltration Membranes For Water Purification
ABSTRACT:
Most commercially available reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes are based on the thin film composite (TFC) aromatic polyamide membranes. However, they have several disadvantages including low resistance to fouling, low chemical and thermal stabilities and limited chlorine tolerance. To address these problems, advanced RO/NF membranes are being developed from polyimides for water and wastewater treatments. The following three projects have resulted from my research.
Design Of Advanced Reverse Osmosis And Nanofiltration Membranes For Water Purification
ABSTRACT:
Most commercially available reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes are based on the thin film composite (TFC) aromatic polyamide membranes. However, they have several disadvantages including low resistance to fouling, low chemical and thermal stabilities and limited chlorine tolerance. To address these problems, advanced RO/NF membranes are being developed from polyimides for water and wastewater treatments. The following three projects have resulted from my research.
Basic Math Concepts for Water and Wastewater Operators
Topics
General review of fundamentals
Hierarchy of operations
Manipulating equations
Fractions, Decimals, Percent
Data Management - averaging
Unit/dimensional analysis and conversion factors
Electricity
Temperature
Basic Math Concepts for Water and Wastewater Operators
Topics
General review of fundamentals
Hierarchy of operations
Manipulating equations
Fractions, Decimals, Percent
Data Management - averaging
Unit/dimensional analysis and conversion factors
Electricity
Temperature
Handbook-for-The-operation-of-Water-Treatment-Works
The term “water quality” describes the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of water. These properties collectively determine the overall water quality and the fitness of the water for a specific use. These properties are either intrinsic to the water or are the result of substances that are dissolved or suspended in the water. Water quality is only meaningful when evaluated in relation to the use of the water. The reason is that water of a certain quality may be fit for a specific use, but completely unfit for another use. For example, water that is fit for human consumption may not be fit as boiler feed water because the dissolved inorganic salts that are acceptable in drinking water, are not tolerated in boiler feed water, since they may precipitate and cause blockages in the boiler equipment. Water that is fit for domestic use (drinking water) must comply with specific requirements. The most important requirement is that it must be safe to drink.
Handbook-for-The-operation-of-Water-Treatment-Works
The term “water quality” describes the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of water. These properties collectively determine the overall water quality and the fitness of the water for a specific use. These properties are either intrinsic to the water or are the result of substances that are dissolved or suspended in the water. Water quality is only meaningful when evaluated in relation to the use of the water. The reason is that water of a certain quality may be fit for a specific use, but completely unfit for another use. For example, water that is fit for human consumption may not be fit as boiler feed water because the dissolved inorganic salts that are acceptable in drinking water, are not tolerated in boiler feed water, since they may precipitate and cause blockages in the boiler equipment. Water that is fit for domestic use (drinking water) must comply with specific requirements. The most important requirement is that it must be safe to drink.
Design Of Aerobic Granular Sludge Reactors
Introduction
Since several years, conventional wastewater treatment has been dealing with low volumetric loading rates and a high energy consumption (Van Haandel & Van der Lubbe, 2007; Pronk et al., 2017). Especially with the increasing standard of living and an increasing amount of households connected to a sewage system constant improvements are needed (Vlaamse milieumaatschappij, 2019a). The question arises how these challenges can be met in an efficient way. Over the past 20 years, aerobic granular sludge is presented as a promising technology to meet these challenges. Conventional activated sludge flocs, i.e. suspended microorganisms forming bulky aggregates, are converted into compact aerobic granules. This results in 25-75% less land area, 20-50% less energy and up to 7-17% less costs compared to conventional activated sludge plants (Pronk et al, 2017). The conventional use of aerobic granular sludge is in batch systems, but continuous systems are under research as well (Jahn et al., 2019).
The aim of this thesis is to gain further insight in continuous processes with aerobic granular sludge. Given that the current continuous systems are not depreciated, yet cannot meet the demand for higher treatment capacity, continuous aerobic granular sludge systems seem promising. Better settleability of granules could lead to higher biomass concentrations in the existing continuous systems, possibly resulting in a higher treatment capacity. Before researching how to get stable granules in a continuous flow reactor, it is needed to investigate the overall effect of granules on the performance of continuous reactors. In this thesis it is questioned if refurbishment of the current continuous activated sludge plants into continuous aerobic granular sludge plants would be advantageous in terms of treatment capacity and energy consumption, in order to meet the effluent criteria. This was investigated by developing the comparison between continuous systems with activated sludge and with aerobic granular sludge. The comparative study is obtained in different steps. In the literature review, a state-of-the-art on current wastewater treatment with activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge is given. Both the typical aerobic granular sludge implementation in batch systems and perspectives on aerobic granular sludge in continuous systems are discussed and compared based on literature findings. The chapter ‘Materials and methods’ describes the mathematical model based on the Benchmark Simulations Model No. 1 (BSM1) in Matlab-Simulink. A continuous activated sludge system serves as the reference model. Furthermore, this model is adapted to make it representable as a continuous
design with aerobic granular sludge based on two characteristics: better settleability and diffusion limitation.
In the chapter ‘Results and discussion’, the differences between both continuous systems are elucidated to answer the research question. Both the maximal treatment capacity and energy consumption in order to meet the effluent criteria were calculated and compared for both systems. Conclusions are summarized in the chapter ‘General conclusions’ and ‘Recommendations for further research’ are given.
Design Of Aerobic Granular Sludge Reactors
Introduction
Since several years, conventional wastewater treatment has been dealing with low volumetric loading rates and a high energy consumption (Van Haandel & Van der Lubbe, 2007; Pronk et al., 2017). Especially with the increasing standard of living and an increasing amount of households connected to a sewage system constant improvements are needed (Vlaamse milieumaatschappij, 2019a). The question arises how these challenges can be met in an efficient way. Over the past 20 years, aerobic granular sludge is presented as a promising technology to meet these challenges. Conventional activated sludge flocs, i.e. suspended microorganisms forming bulky aggregates, are converted into compact aerobic granules. This results in 25-75% less land area, 20-50% less energy and up to 7-17% less costs compared to conventional activated sludge plants (Pronk et al, 2017). The conventional use of aerobic granular sludge is in batch systems, but continuous systems are under research as well (Jahn et al., 2019).
The aim of this thesis is to gain further insight in continuous processes with aerobic granular sludge. Given that the current continuous systems are not depreciated, yet cannot meet the demand for higher treatment capacity, continuous aerobic granular sludge systems seem promising. Better settleability of granules could lead to higher biomass concentrations in the existing continuous systems, possibly resulting in a higher treatment capacity. Before researching how to get stable granules in a continuous flow reactor, it is needed to investigate the overall effect of granules on the performance of continuous reactors. In this thesis it is questioned if refurbishment of the current continuous activated sludge plants into continuous aerobic granular sludge plants would be advantageous in terms of treatment capacity and energy consumption, in order to meet the effluent criteria. This was investigated by developing the comparison between continuous systems with activated sludge and with aerobic granular sludge. The comparative study is obtained in different steps. In the literature review, a state-of-the-art on current wastewater treatment with activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge is given. Both the typical aerobic granular sludge implementation in batch systems and perspectives on aerobic granular sludge in continuous systems are discussed and compared based on literature findings. The chapter ‘Materials and methods’ describes the mathematical model based on the Benchmark Simulations Model No. 1 (BSM1) in Matlab-Simulink. A continuous activated sludge system serves as the reference model. Furthermore, this model is adapted to make it representable as a continuous
design with aerobic granular sludge based on two characteristics: better settleability and diffusion limitation.
In the chapter ‘Results and discussion’, the differences between both continuous systems are elucidated to answer the research question. Both the maximal treatment capacity and energy consumption in order to meet the effluent criteria were calculated and compared for both systems. Conclusions are summarized in the chapter ‘General conclusions’ and ‘Recommendations for further research’ are given.
Drinking Water Operator Certification Training Module #24 Gas Chlorination
Learning Objectives
. Explain the purpose of chlorination.
. Describe the two forms of chlorine.
. Describe the properties of liquid chlorine and gaseous chlorine.
. Explain how chlorine reacts in aqueous solutions.
. Read and explain chlorine reaction equations.
Drinking Water Operator Certification Training Module #24 Gas Chlorination
Learning Objectives
. Explain the purpose of chlorination.
. Describe the two forms of chlorine.
. Describe the properties of liquid chlorine and gaseous chlorine.
. Explain how chlorine reacts in aqueous solutions.
. Read and explain chlorine reaction equations.
Drinking Water Operator Certification Training WDC Volume II
Learning Objectives
. Define maintenance
. Discuss the roles of maintenance
. Discuss safety practices of maintenance
Drinking Water Operator Certification Training WDC Volume II
Learning Objectives
. Define maintenance
. Discuss the roles of maintenance
. Discuss safety practices of maintenance
Good Practice Guide to the Operation of Drinking Water Supply Systems for the Management of Microbial Risk
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of Good Practice Guide The catchment-to-consumer risk-based approach to the production of microbially-safe drinking water, which is detailed in the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality (the Framework) that underpins the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG), is based on the identification and control of risks to the quality of drinking water supplied to consumers. This reduction in risk is achieved by implementing a multiple barrier approach, where a number of different barriers to contamination are put in place, from the catchment to the consumer. Whilst the risk management
process stretches all the way from catchment to consumer, in practice the majority of risks are managed through the use of various water treatment processes. Most Australian source waters require some level of treatment prior to being supplied to consumersas drinking water. The level of treatment required to produce microbially-safe drinking water will be a function of the quality of the source water and should be informed by a system-specific risk
assessment process that is consistent with the approach described under Element 2 (Assessment of the drinking water supply system) of the Framework.
The production of microbially-safe drinking water is difficult to consistently achieve, and requires constant vigilance, as well as well-maintained and operated water treatment processes (Element 3 (Preventive measures for drinking water quality management) and Element 4 (Operational procedures
and process control) of the Framework). Within this risk-based approach, the purpose of this Guide is to provide concise advice on good practice preventive measures for the management of drinking water treatment processes and the distribution of this treated water to consumers. This is achieved by providing targets, both numerical and observational, for the various activities that should be undertaken in order to produce microbiallysafe drinking water.
The Guide is not intended to be a risk assessment tool; it assumes that a system-specific risk assessment has been done, and that the treatment and distribution processes that are present are suitable for the assessed level of microbial risk. The Guide is therefore focused on the optimisation,
management and control of existing water supply systems. The advice in this Guide is applicable to existing water supply systems and is intended to help water utilities produce microbially-safe drinking water under existing arrangements; it will also assist utilities meet any future microbial health-based targets that may be includes in the ADWG. The Guide is presented in a tabular format for simplicity. The table is broken into sections that relate
to the key control points in typical water treatment and distribution systems.
Good Practice Guide to the Operation of Drinking Water Supply Systems for the Management of Microbial Risk
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of Good Practice Guide The catchment-to-consumer risk-based approach to the production of microbially-safe drinking water, which is detailed in the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality (the Framework) that underpins the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG), is based on the identification and control of risks to the quality of drinking water supplied to consumers. This reduction in risk is achieved by implementing a multiple barrier approach, where a number of different barriers to contamination are put in place, from the catchment to the consumer. Whilst the risk management
process stretches all the way from catchment to consumer, in practice the majority of risks are managed through the use of various water treatment processes. Most Australian source waters require some level of treatment prior to being supplied to consumersas drinking water. The level of treatment required to produce microbially-safe drinking water will be a function of the quality of the source water and should be informed by a system-specific risk
assessment process that is consistent with the approach described under Element 2 (Assessment of the drinking water supply system) of the Framework.
The production of microbially-safe drinking water is difficult to consistently achieve, and requires constant vigilance, as well as well-maintained and operated water treatment processes (Element 3 (Preventive measures for drinking water quality management) and Element 4 (Operational procedures
and process control) of the Framework). Within this risk-based approach, the purpose of this Guide is to provide concise advice on good practice preventive measures for the management of drinking water treatment processes and the distribution of this treated water to consumers. This is achieved by providing targets, both numerical and observational, for the various activities that should be undertaken in order to produce microbiallysafe drinking water.
The Guide is not intended to be a risk assessment tool; it assumes that a system-specific risk assessment has been done, and that the treatment and distribution processes that are present are suitable for the assessed level of microbial risk. The Guide is therefore focused on the optimisation,
management and control of existing water supply systems. The advice in this Guide is applicable to existing water supply systems and is intended to help water utilities produce microbially-safe drinking water under existing arrangements; it will also assist utilities meet any future microbial health-based targets that may be includes in the ADWG. The Guide is presented in a tabular format for simplicity. The table is broken into sections that relate
to the key control points in typical water treatment and distribution systems.
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.