Sludge, Odors & Biogas
CE 356: Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering (Activated Sludge Design)
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CE 356: Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering (Activated Sludge Design)
By Ricardo B. Jacquez
Professor, CAGE Department
New Mexico State University
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Sludge, Odors & Biogas
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Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management
It is crystal clear that, in addition to clean air, the well-being of our planet also requires that water, wastewater and the resulting biosolids (sludge) need to be managed more seriously, and in a focused, coordinated and cooperative manner. The idea for the creation of this Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management originated at the IWA Biosolids Conference, “Moving Forward Wastewater Biosolids Sustainability: Technical, Managerial, and Public Synergy” held in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada in June 2007. At this conference representatives of the International Water Association (IWA), Water Environmental Federation (WEF) and European Water Association (EWA) agreed that it would be very useful to produce a current edition of the “Global Atlas of Wastewater Sludge and Biosolids Use and Disposal” which had been published in 1996, with Peter Matthews being
the original editor.
Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management
It is crystal clear that, in addition to clean air, the well-being of our planet also requires that water, wastewater and the resulting biosolids (sludge) need to be managed more seriously, and in a focused, coordinated and cooperative manner. The idea for the creation of this Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management originated at the IWA Biosolids Conference, “Moving Forward Wastewater Biosolids Sustainability: Technical, Managerial, and Public Synergy” held in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada in June 2007. At this conference representatives of the International Water Association (IWA), Water Environmental Federation (WEF) and European Water Association (EWA) agreed that it would be very useful to produce a current edition of the “Global Atlas of Wastewater Sludge and Biosolids Use and Disposal” which had been published in 1996, with Peter Matthews being
the original editor.
Study of Biogas Production by Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Treatment Plant Sludge
Abstract
In this study, a characterization protocol of sewage sludge in Algeria was carried out. Their objective was to study the process of anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas by analogy to experiments which have already been made in the literature on sludge have the same characteristic as our own product. Five models have been proposed to simulate the anaerobic digestion process; three for the production of biogas and two models for the degradation of organic matter. The performance of the proposed models have been validated with experimental data from the literature. The modeling of the volume of biogas produced was carried out by that of Gompertz and models proposed for different products. We observed a good agreement of the models proposed with the experimental data with a maximum value in r 2 = 0.9996 and minimum in ESM = 6.34 10 -4 . The modeling of the degradation of organic matter was carried out by the first order model (eq IV.19), and dimensionless models proposed. The latter gave a good agreement with the experimental data better than the model of the literature with a maximum value in r 2 = 0.9985 and minimum in ESM = 8.91 10 -4 .
Study of Biogas Production by Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Treatment Plant Sludge
Abstract
In this study, a characterization protocol of sewage sludge in Algeria was carried out. Their objective was to study the process of anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas by analogy to experiments which have already been made in the literature on sludge have the same characteristic as our own product. Five models have been proposed to simulate the anaerobic digestion process; three for the production of biogas and two models for the degradation of organic matter. The performance of the proposed models have been validated with experimental data from the literature. The modeling of the volume of biogas produced was carried out by that of Gompertz and models proposed for different products. We observed a good agreement of the models proposed with the experimental data with a maximum value in r 2 = 0.9996 and minimum in ESM = 6.34 10 -4 . The modeling of the degradation of organic matter was carried out by the first order model (eq IV.19), and dimensionless models proposed. The latter gave a good agreement with the experimental data better than the model of the literature with a maximum value in r 2 = 0.9985 and minimum in ESM = 8.91 10 -4 .
A Detailed Assessment of The Science and Technology of Odor Measurement
INTRODUCTION
Odors remain at the top of air pollution complaints to regulators and government bodies around the U.S. and internationally. Ambient air holds a mixture of chemicals from everyday activities of industrial and commercial enterprises.
A person’s olfactory sense, the sense of smell, gives a person the ability to detect the presence of some chemicals in the ambient air. Not all chemicals are odorants, but when they are, a person may be able to detect their presence. Therefore, an odor perceived by a person’s olfactory sense can be an early warning or may simply be a marker for the presence of air emissions from a facility. For whatever reason, it is a person’s sense of smell that can lead to a complaint. When facility odors affect air quality and cause citizen complaints, an investigation of those odors may require that specific odorants be measured and that odorous air be measured using standardized scientific methods. Point emission sources, area emission sources, and volume emission sources can be sampled and the samples sent to an odor laboratory for testing of odor parameters, such as odor concentration, odor intensity, odor persistence, and odor characterization. Odor can also be measured and quantified directly in the ambient air, at the property line and in the community, using standard field olfactometry practices, e.g. odor intensity referencing scales and field olfactometers.
A Detailed Assessment of The Science and Technology of Odor Measurement
INTRODUCTION
Odors remain at the top of air pollution complaints to regulators and government bodies around the U.S. and internationally. Ambient air holds a mixture of chemicals from everyday activities of industrial and commercial enterprises.
A person’s olfactory sense, the sense of smell, gives a person the ability to detect the presence of some chemicals in the ambient air. Not all chemicals are odorants, but when they are, a person may be able to detect their presence. Therefore, an odor perceived by a person’s olfactory sense can be an early warning or may simply be a marker for the presence of air emissions from a facility. For whatever reason, it is a person’s sense of smell that can lead to a complaint. When facility odors affect air quality and cause citizen complaints, an investigation of those odors may require that specific odorants be measured and that odorous air be measured using standardized scientific methods. Point emission sources, area emission sources, and volume emission sources can be sampled and the samples sent to an odor laboratory for testing of odor parameters, such as odor concentration, odor intensity, odor persistence, and odor characterization. Odor can also be measured and quantified directly in the ambient air, at the property line and in the community, using standard field olfactometry practices, e.g. odor intensity referencing scales and field olfactometers.
Wastewater Biogas to Energy
Overview
The organic matter in raw wastewater contains almost 10 times the energy needed to treat it. Some wastewater treatment works (WWTW) can produce up to 100% of the energy they need to operate, though more typically 60% of operational energy can be produced. Biogas is typically used to meet on site power and thermal energy needs. Export of gas to local industrial users, power producers or for use as a municipal vehicle fleet fuel is also possible. In a wastewater treatment works (WWTW) biogas is produced when sludge decomposes in the absence of oxygen, in digesters. This process is referred to as Anaerobic Digestion. South Africa was one of the first countries in the world to utilise digesters as part of sludge management at WWTW. Digesters at WWTW were, however, not built to capture and use the biogas produced, but rather to assist in sludge management. In most cases, digesters can actually be refurbished to allow for biogas collection.
Biogas (a methane-rich natural gas) derived from anaerobic digestion and captured at WWTW plants provides a renewable energy source which can be used for electricity, heat and biofuel production. At the same time the sludge is stabilized and its dry matter content is reduced. This sludge, or digestate (remaining solid matter after the gas has been removed), contains valuable chemical nutrients such as nitrogen and potassium, and can be used as an organic fertilizer.
Wastewater Biogas to Energy
Overview
The organic matter in raw wastewater contains almost 10 times the energy needed to treat it. Some wastewater treatment works (WWTW) can produce up to 100% of the energy they need to operate, though more typically 60% of operational energy can be produced. Biogas is typically used to meet on site power and thermal energy needs. Export of gas to local industrial users, power producers or for use as a municipal vehicle fleet fuel is also possible. In a wastewater treatment works (WWTW) biogas is produced when sludge decomposes in the absence of oxygen, in digesters. This process is referred to as Anaerobic Digestion. South Africa was one of the first countries in the world to utilise digesters as part of sludge management at WWTW. Digesters at WWTW were, however, not built to capture and use the biogas produced, but rather to assist in sludge management. In most cases, digesters can actually be refurbished to allow for biogas collection.
Biogas (a methane-rich natural gas) derived from anaerobic digestion and captured at WWTW plants provides a renewable energy source which can be used for electricity, heat and biofuel production. At the same time the sludge is stabilized and its dry matter content is reduced. This sludge, or digestate (remaining solid matter after the gas has been removed), contains valuable chemical nutrients such as nitrogen and potassium, and can be used as an organic fertilizer.
Sewage Sludge Management In Germany
Introduction
What is sewage sludge?
In Germany, daily water use now reaches 120 litres per person. All of this water ultimately ends up in the sewage system, and from there is channelled to sewage treatment plants. At such plants, the sewage passes through screens and sieves and undergoes mechanical and biological purification,
the goal being to remove impurities from the sewage and to then channel the resulting purified water into waterbodies. The residue of this process is known as
sewage sludge, which can occur in anhydrous, dried or other processed forms.
Sewage Sludge Management In Germany
Introduction
What is sewage sludge?
In Germany, daily water use now reaches 120 litres per person. All of this water ultimately ends up in the sewage system, and from there is channelled to sewage treatment plants. At such plants, the sewage passes through screens and sieves and undergoes mechanical and biological purification,
the goal being to remove impurities from the sewage and to then channel the resulting purified water into waterbodies. The residue of this process is known as
sewage sludge, which can occur in anhydrous, dried or other processed forms.
Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrocarbon Precursor Production from Sewage Sludge
. Ultimate Goal: Transform negative-value or low-value biosolids into high-energy-density, fungible hydrocarbon precursors.
.Enables sustainable production of biogas that is considered as a cellulosic biofuel under new RFS2 (EPA, July 2014).
.Addresses DOE's goals of development of cost-competitive and sustainable biofuels by advancing efficient production strategies for drop-in biofuels.
Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrocarbon Precursor Production from Sewage Sludge
. Ultimate Goal: Transform negative-value or low-value biosolids into high-energy-density, fungible hydrocarbon precursors.
.Enables sustainable production of biogas that is considered as a cellulosic biofuel under new RFS2 (EPA, July 2014).
.Addresses DOE's goals of development of cost-competitive and sustainable biofuels by advancing efficient production strategies for drop-in biofuels.
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